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Regina Hall on Getting Unsolicited Pics in Her DMs, Worst Date Ever & New Movie with Kevin Hart

Regina talks to guest host Lamorne Morris about wanting to steal his daughter, hosting the Oscars, announcing she was single to millions of viewers, people slipping into her DMs, the worst date she ever went on, working with Kevin Hart on Me Time, going on a wild trip with friends, and her new movie Honk for Jesus.

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Addressing fairness in artificial intelligence for medical imaging | Nature Communications

Even though the field has been steadily growing over the past few years, there are still challenges and open research questions that we believe need to be addressed.

Areas of vacancy

While this growing trend is highly encouraging, the efforts have been far from even across the landscape of medical specialties and problems being tackled, leaving several areas of vacancy. Firstly, so far algorithmic justice analysis has mostly been carried out in four medical imaging specialties: radiology8,9,16,18,19,20,21,22, dermatology12,13,17,19,24, ophthalmology10,14,15 and cardiology11. We believe that this uneven coverage is partly due to the limited availability of MI databases with demographic information on the population (Table 1), something which has been highlighted in several previous studies8,17. The absence of this information may be related to the trade-off between data utility and privacy when releasing public databases, in the sense that including sensitive attributes useful for bias audit may go against the privacy of the individuals. To overcome these limitations, the implementation of technical solutions to simultaneously address the demands for data protection and utilization becomes extremely important30. Moreover, it must be noted that the subset of sensitive attributes either directly reported or estimated varies from dataset to dataset. The currently most widely reported characteristics are age and sex or gender16,20,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38, followed by skin tone or race/ethnicity13,16,20,33,34,37,38, and to a lesser extent socioeconomic characteristics33,38. In some cases, where protected attributes are not available, estimates can be computed using image processing methods12,13,15,19,24, and eventually manual labeling by professionals can be used10,13. These strategies bring with them however an additional level of complexity and subtlety in their implementation which can limit reproducibility and comparison of results across sub-groups.

Table 1 Databases commonly used in fairness in MIC studies

Secondly, important vacancies exist regarding the MIC task to be tackled. The vast majority of studies conducted to date deal with pathology classification tasks8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24. The study of fairness in the context of segmentation is however rare11, and those of regression, registration, synthesis and super-resolution are rarer still, leaving entire areas to be explored.

Incorporating fairness audits as common practice in MIC studies

As highlighted by a recent article17 which analyzed the common practices when reporting results for diagnostic algorithms in one of the major conferences on MIC, demographics are rarely mentioned, and disaggregated results are infrequently discussed by scientific publications in this domain. This matter is also addressed by the FUTURE-AI Guidelines39, which include principles and consensus recommendations for trustworthy AI in medical imaging, and not only focus on fairness but also cover other fundamental dimensions like universality, traceability, usability, robustness and explainability. In that sense, we believe the FUTURE-AI guidelines may constitute a practical tool to improve the publication practices of our community.

Increasing diversity in database construction

As researchers working in Latin America, we want to stress the importance of widening geographic representation in the building of publicly available MI datasets. It has been acknowledged by several studies that the vast majority of MI databases employed for AI developments originate from high income countries, mostly in Europe and North America40,41,42. This introduces a clear selection bias since the demographics of these countries do not match that of other areas like Africa, Asia or Latin America. This fact, combined with experimental studies suggesting that race/ethnicity imbalance in MI databases may be one of the reasons behind unequal performance11, calls for action towards building truly international databases which include patients from low income countries. This issue becomes even more relevant in the light of recent findings which confirm that AI can trivially predict protected attributes from medical images, even in a setting where clinical experts cannot like race/ethnicity in chest X-ray26 and ancestry in histologic images43. While this fact by itself does not immediately mean that systems will be biased, in combination with a greedy optimization scheme in a setting with strong data imbalance, it may provide a direct vector for the reproduction of pre-existing racial disparities.

In this regard, initiatives such as the All of Us Research Program, which invite participants from different sub-groups in the United States to create a more diverse health database, hope to promote and improve biomedical research, as well as medical care44. Efforts such as this one, currently focused on an individual country, could be replicated and lay the groundwork for a collaborative enterprise that transcends geographic barriers.

Rethinking fairness in the context of medical image analysis

For some time now, research on fairness in ML has been carried out in decision-making scenarios such as loan applications, hiring systems, criminal behavior reexamination, among others23. However, the field of healthcare in general, and medical imaging in particular, exhibit unique characteristics that require adapting the notion of fairness to this context. Take chest X-ray images for example: particular diagnostic tasks could be easier in one sub-population than the other due to anatomical differences45. How to ensure fairness across sub-populations in this case is far from obvious.

Another example is that of existing bias mitigation strategies which may result in reducing model performance for the majority, or even all sub-populations, in exchange for reducing the variance across them. This might be admissible in other contexts, but in the case of healthcare this implies purposely deteriorating the quality of the predictions for a given sub-group, causing ethical and legal problems related to the provision of alternative standards of care for different sub-groups21. Moreover, how to define such sub-groups is already an open question: the group-fairness framework, usually applied in problems like loan granting or intended to deal with legal notions of anti-discrimination, reinforces the idea that groups based on pre-specified demographic attributes are well-defined constructs that correspond to a set of homogeneous populations29. However, certain attributes like gender identity46, are fluid constructs difficult to categorize which require rethinking this framework. Similar issues may arise when using race or ethnicity47 as protected attributes to define groups of analysis and evaluate fairness metrics.

While some factors influencing fairness and model performance metrics such as target class imbalance are common to several ML domains, others such as differences in disease prevalence across sub-populations have to be carefully taken into consideration when it comes to MIC. The same holds for the cognitive biases that may be introduced by medical specialists when interpreting and annotating imaging studies48. While AI has been postulated as a potential tool to help out in reducing such biases, if not properly addressed, it could also become a mean to amplify and perpetuate them.

Overall there is no denying that the nascent field of fairness in ML studies for MIC still presents important vacancies both in terms of medical specialties and in terms of the types problems being tackled, which will require increased efforts from the community. However, the rapid growth of the field, the development of new guidelines, and the gain of attention reported here, are highly positive and encourage the MIC community to increase its effort to contribute towards delivering a more equitable standard of care.

Twitter caused ‘the worst, most egregious’ implications: Rumble CEO

Rumble founder and CEO Chris Pavlovski says platforms that claim to be fair and neutral can’t ‘tilt the scale’ on free speech. #FOXBusiness

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Community Garden Plot Holder Spotlight: Jamie Pacheco, Devore Culver, & Connie Kniffin – Brunswick-Topsham Land Trust

By Jane Olsen, BTLT summer fellow

My name is Jane Olsen and I am a rising junior at Bowdoin College working at the Land Trust for the summer supporting the Tom Settlemire Community Garden. This post is part of my plot holder profiles series, a project where I have been delighted to get to know the over 82 plot holders at the Garden, young and old, with all ranges of gardening experience. Speaking with Jamie Pacheco, Devore Culver and Connie Kniffin, whether as staff or volunteer, each provide significant contributions to the garden beyond the maintenance of their personal plot.

Jamie Pacheco 

Jamie Pacheco is the Program Manager at BTLT and after almost five years of working at the Land Trust, this is her third year with a plot at the Tom Settlemire Community Garden. In her plot this year, she is growing carrots, garlic, onions, spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, broccoli, cauliflower, and sweet potatoes.

Raised on an old dairy farm in Winthrop, Maine, Jamie was surrounded by agriculture from an early age. She didn’t get into gardening herself until she was around 15 when she began helping her Dad grow vegetables and perennials. Her interest has grown from installing planters on the deck of her apartment after college, to the gardening beds at her current home. 

“It can be very frustrating the first season when you’re like, ‘I’m gonna have a garden and it’s gonna be great’ and then you get hit with all these challenges that nature throws at you. So if you know somebody else who is a gardener ask them for their advice.”

Though it can be challenging at times, this process of learning and experimenting was one of Jamie’s favorite parts of her start to gardening. She was also drawn to the activity through an attentiveness to what she puts into her body, how food is grown, and how it impacts the surrounding environment.

“I love to see all these flowers in bloom and other pollinators thriving in this little pocket of the world that I call my own.”

Not only did Jamie recognize her personal impact on land as a gardener, but she also reflected on the institutional privilege and responsibility of the Land Trust. 

“We are incredibly lucky as a land organization to have access to so much land. It’s critically important to me that we use that privilege to enable other people to have access to outdoor spaces and serve the needs of the community. I personally love food, so to be able to serve the community and give land access in a way that provides food through the garden and increases resilience is amazing.”

The garden is a bit of a commute from Jamie’s house so she will usually visit the garden to water amidst a day of work at the BTLT office or turn to her dad for watering assistance, as her parents have a plot right next to hers. Watering support like this is common in the garden; Jamie has not only watered her neighbor’s plots, but also exchanged seedlings and vegetable harvests. 

“We’re not all gardening in isolation, we’re gardening together and in community. There’s an avenue for an exchange of information and knowledge. It’s so exciting to me that we are able to do that every day and it’s something that we’re going to be able to keep doing.”

Jamie has found ways to extend this community beyond the fences in the garden. She loves to use the produce she grows to cook for friends and family, donate to MCHPP, or even turn her excess produce into compost. 

“It’s nice to be able to give what I’ve grown away. To be able to give people that I know or care about food that I spent hours growing and tending is very meaningful to me, I think food that someone has made is one of the most special things to receive from somebody.”

Devore Culver

As a non-profit, BTLT receives support from a range of sources, whether this be full-time staff, board members, or donors. While Jamie Pacheco works hard to support TSCG as the Program Manager at BTLT, Devore Culver has contributed tremendously to the Garden as a volunteer. 

While this is only the second year Devore (Dev) Culver has a personal plot, he was previously in charge of the Common Good Garden, and now continues to guide the Garden as a mentor in the BTLT gardening mentor program supporting new gardeners at TSCG.

I met with Dev right before a rainstorm, he transplanted his squash while we talked so he could get them in before it rained. Just as he got the last squash in the ground the storm began to start, giving the squash a good drink while we walked to the shed.

Early on in our conversation, Dev told me: “I garden because it’s something I’ve always done. It’s 20 minutes, 30 minutes at a time of relative solitude.”

As a child raised in Maine, Dev spent a lot of time gardening with his father. As a physician, gardening offered his father a sense of release and therapy. Dev and his siblings find a similar joy in the activity and have all carried on the gardening legacy of their father. 

While much of Dev’s time spent at the garden has been shared with the larger community, his “partner in TSCG gardening crime, and life partner” is Melanie Pearson. Outside of the garden, Dev and Melanie have both pursued careers in healthcare. Melanie has been involved with both BTLT and Mid Coast Hunger Prevention Program as well.

Taken in 2019 by Lisa Miller, the TSCG Coordinator at the time, when TSCG had a “sunflower room” as part of its youth education program. While the sunflowers were enriching to this program they are no longer allowed in the garden due to shading neighboring plots and attracting pests with their seeds.

When Dev first moved to Brunswick six years ago, he saw a blurb inviting Common Good Garden volunteers, and joined the team of five. After an enjoyable season, Dev stepped into a leadership position, expanding the Common Good Garden, building bluebird houses, and constructing a hoop house to grow greens and tomatoes, now used by the New Mainers garden. Not only have these investments in the Common Good Garden contributed to hunger prevention efforts, but the community of volunteers has also created a space for intergenerational gardening knowledge.

At the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Common Good Garden volunteer group was the most diverse it’s ever been in terms of age; teenagers were able to learn from older volunteers and Master Gardeners, fostering a rich experience all around. Dev has also collaborated with high school gardening research programs in the past, utilizing the garden to learn, build pollinator gardens, and encourage fundamental professional skills. 

Dev has gotten to know many of the Common Good Garden volunteers very closely. Many don’t have a plot themselves, but come to the garden because they are committed to the concept of growing food for others. Dev particularly values the connection between the Common Good Garden and MCHPP, expressing that the overlap in volunteers allows for an exchange of feedback regarding which donations from the garden are successful and which are not. While the group of volunteers at the garden is close-knit, they are also extremely welcoming. 

“Everybody gets in the dirt. And that’s just the nature of what this is. I think the Land Trust tries very hard to balance a community garden with some social objectives and I think that’s a really good thing.”

A melon snack for volunteers in the Common Good Garden

As for Dev’s own plot, he primarily eats what he grows, but because he is mostly growing melons this year he anticipates needing to give a lot away. Dev expressed that this sharing is one of his favorite parts of the garden, “In prior gardens, elsewhere, my neighbors started to lock their doors and pull the blinds when they saw me coming because I was constantly dropping string beans off.” He also fondly recalled breaks from volunteering in the Common Good Garden at the height of melon season, when the group snacked on freshly cut cantaloupe.

Dev has come to understand the garden from many angles, whether that be a part of the Common Good Garden team or a plot holder, he has accumulated a lot of advice for both new and veteran gardeners:

“Keep it really simple. First year out, don’t try to do 20 or 30 crops, come in realistically, knowing that you’re gonna have problems. Temper that with the understanding that not always gonna be perfect and frequently won’t be perfect at all. The beauty of gardening is that you will fail nine times out of ten, it’s just the way it is. It’s a very humbling experience because you go in knowing full well that you’re gonna fail. But that’s what makes it kind of fun. “

Connie Kniffin

In Connie’s plot this year she’s growing cucumbers, zucchini, tomatoes, eggplant, onions, lettuce and more. She loves to cook, and especially ratatouille.

Similarly to Dev, Connie Kniffin is a tremendous supporter of the Common Good Garden as a volunteer. But before she became established in Brunswick, it was difficult for her to leave home. Originally from Connecticut, Connie used to live in Woolwich, Maine where she had many gardens. 

Before the move [to Brunswick], we were looking at a cottage and then my husband said, let’s take a drive. We came by here and I saw the big community garden and I went, Oh, well this might work.”

While the move to Brunswick away from her land was difficult at first, this is Connie’s fourth year with a plot at TCSG. Her plot at the garden and her gardening responsibilities at Thornton Oaks, a retirement community in Brunswick, have offered her much joy. While she did not grow up gardening, she was a kindergarten teacher for 38 years so she loves being creative outside, something that gardening can offer her. 

“The challenge of gardening, the unpredictability of it, you’d never know what’s going to happen and you can’t get defeated by that, which I sometimes do, but I try not to. I love the feeling of independence of growing your own vegetables. It feels good.”

While Connie greatly enjoys navigating the uncertainties of gardening, she also suggests turning to others for advice. Connie is a committed volunteer at the Common Good Garden workdays, collaborating to grow produce to donate to MCHPP. While this is a community service outlet for her, she also learns a lot along the way:

“I love gardening at the Common Good Garden because you just always learn something. Every time I go home afterwards I write down three things I learned from everyone. I believe everyone should take advantage of all the knowledge that’s around here.”

Not only does she learn from other volunteers at the Common Good Garden, but from the observations of other plot holders’ techniques as well. This year, after spotting a friend putting paper bags around her tomatoes, Connie tried the same method to help with wind shelter and moisture retention. Additionally after her zucchini plants began to get decimated by pests, she consulted Julia St.Clair, Agricultural Programs Coordinator at the Land Trust, and together they discussed a solution of row cover over the plants, ultimately saving the zucchini in the end! 

While there have already been some ups and downs, Connie expressed her excitement for her plot this season:

“I’m pleased with my garden this year. It looks great. It looks happy. Yeah, that’s the important thing. This is a happy place. You walk in and you just have to be happy.”

From a member of staff, a former garden coordinator, to a committed volunteer, Dev, Jamie, and Connie, reveal the abundance of knowledge at TSCG. Whether one visits the garden once a year or every day, everyone contributes to the strength of this gardening community. We are especially grateful for the time that these three plot holders have contributed to the greater Garden in addition to caring for their plots.

Perino: Student loan debt forgiveness won’t give Biden, Dems the political, PR payoff they want

‘The Five’ co-hosts discuss the Biden administration’s plans to cancel billions in student loan debt for those who make less than $125,000 per year. #foxnews #thefive

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Dish: Pineapple Biscuits

Pineapple Biscuits

COMPONENTS:

12 Rhodes Anytime! Buttermilk Biscuits, defrosted
20-oz. can smashed pineapple
3/4 mug brownish sugar
1/2 tsp vanilla
1/2 mug butter, softened

PREP WORK:

In a tool dimension dish integrate pineapple, vanilla, butter as well as sugar. Separate pineapple combination similarly in between 12 huge dimension splashed muffin mugs. Area 1 biscuit on top of pineapple blend in each muffin mug.

In a tool dimension dish incorporate pineapple, vanilla, sugar and also butter. Split pineapple mix just as in between 12 big dimension splashed muffin mugs. Location 1 biscuit on top of pineapple combination in each muffin mug. Drizzle 1 tbsp of scheduled pineapple juice over each biscuit.

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Try Not To Get DEMONETISED CHALLENGE #7 (Twitter Memes Edition)

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