Brand Identity for the Modern Tech Company: Essential Elements and Expert Advice

In today’s rapidly evolving technology landscape, having a strong brand identity is more critical than ever. For modern tech companies, distinguishing themselves from the competition and communicating their value proposition effectively is absolutely vital. This article will guide you through the essential elements of brand identity and provide expert advice on how to build a robust and lasting brand for your tech company.

Table of Contents

  1. What is Brand Identity?
  2. Essential Elements of Brand Identity
  3. Expert Advice for Building a Tech Company Brand Identity
  4. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is Brand Identity?

At its core, brand identity is the cohesive collection of visual, verbal, and emotional elements that define and differentiate a company in the eyes of its target audience. It’s not just about having a memorable logo; it encompasses everything from colors, typography, and visuals to messaging, tone of voice, and even the company’s values, mission, and promises to its customers.

Essential Elements of Brand Identity

Developing a strong brand identity requires a keen understanding of its essential components. Here, we outline the most important elements that contribute to a company’s identity.

Logo

The logo is often considered the face of a brand and is a key component in building brand recognition. For tech companies, a well-designed logo is crucial as it helps set the tone for the overall look and feel of the brand. When developing a logo for your tech company, ensure it is unique, versatile, simple enough to scale across various platforms, and reflects the essence of your business.

Color Palette

Color is a powerful tool in visual communication. For tech companies, the right color palette can greatly enhance brand perception and evoke the desired emotions from your target audience. Consider using colors that align with your company’s values, appeal to your audience, and convey the emotions relevant to your brand, such as trust, innovation, stability, or growth.

Typography

Typography plays an essential role in conveying your brand’s personality and message. For tech companies, it’s important to select fonts that reflect your brand’s attributes and resonate with your target audience. This includes considering aspects like readability, versatility, and modernity. Choose fonts that create a cohesive visual aesthetic across all brand assets and communicate effectively.

Imagery and Iconography

Visual elements such as images, graphics, and icons help reinforce brand identity by communicating complex messages and emotions in a digestible format. For tech companies, it’s important to choose imagery that is consistent, meaningful, and reflective of your company’s products or services. Consider using custom illustrations or icons to create a unique visual language for your brand.

Tone of Voice

The tone of voice is how your brand communicates through written and spoken language. A well-defined tone of voice allows tech companies to consistently convey their brand personality and values, helping to build rapport and trust with their audiences. When developing your brand’s tone of voice, consider factors such as your target audience, company culture, and the desired perception of your brand.

Expert Advice for Building a Tech Company Brand Identity

With a solid understanding of the essential elements, you can begin shaping your brand identity. Here are some expert tips to consider as you build your tech company’s brand.

Know Your Audience

Understanding your target audience is the foundation of creating a successful brand identity. Researching and defining your audience’s demographics, preferences, pain points, and needs will help inform your branding decisions. This understanding is crucial in shaping a brand identity that resonates with your audience and helps position your tech company as a trusted and relevant solution.

Stay Consistent

Consistency is key in maintaining a strong brand identity that is easily recognizable and memorable to customers. Ensure that brand elements like logo, color palette, typography, and messaging are applied uniformly across all touchpoints, such as websites, social media platforms, and marketing materials. This helps strengthen brand recognition and coherence, fostering a sense of trust and credibility among your audience.

Embrace Innovation and Flexibility

The tech industry thrives on continuous innovation and change. Successful tech companies are agile and adaptable in their branding strategies, capable of evolving with the market demands and trends. Launching a rebrand, updates to product lines, or repositioning in the market might necessitate shifts in branding. It’s essential to embrace change and remain open to refining brand identity as needed.

Transparency and Authenticity

Today’s technology consumers value transparency and authenticity from the brands they engage with. Building a brand identity rooted in honesty and openness can help establish trust and loyalty with your audience. Communicate your values, goals, and promises candidly and be prepared to deliver on them to uphold your brand’s integrity and credibility.

Storytelling and Purpose

Consumers are drawn to brands that tella compelling story and have a clear purpose. Utilizing storytelling in your branding can build emotional connections with your audience and provide a context for your tech company’s mission and vision. Ensure your brand’s story is authentic, relatable, and reflects the values and aspirations of your target audience.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. How can I ensure my tech company’s brand identity remains relevant over time?

    Stay ahead of industry trends, conduct regular brand audits, and be prepared to evolve your brand identity to maintain relevance. Engage with your audience, solicit feedback, and pay attention to market shifts to ensure your brand remains in tune with customer needs and expectations.

  2. What are the risks of having an inconsistent brand identity in the tech industry?

    Inconsistent branding can lead to confusion among your audience, diluting your brand recognition and making it difficult to build trust and credibility. In the competitive tech industry, a weak brand identity can hinder your ability to differentiate from competitors and establish a loyal customer base.

  3. How can I measure the success of my tech company’s brand identity?

    Success can be measured through various metrics, such as brand awareness, customer perception, and brand loyalty. Conducting surveys, monitoring social media sentiment, tracking website traffic and engagement, and analyzing customer feedback will provide insights into the effectiveness of your brand identity strategies.

In conclusion, a strong brand identity is crucial for modern tech companies looking to differentiate themselves in the competitive marketplace. By understanding and implementing the essential elements of brand identity and incorporating expert advice, you can create a robust and lasting brand that resonates with your target audience and drives success for your tech company.

Incredible mark of respect from first of Queen’s subjects to lay eyes on her coffin after it leaves Balmoral

MOURNERS in Scotland showed an incredible mark of respect for the Queen when they were the first of her subjects to lay eyes on her coffin.

The Queen today began her final journey to London for her state funeral when her coffin was taken from her beloved Balmoral.

Northpix

The Queen’s coffin was driven through the streets of Ballater this morning[/caption]

Goff

She has begun her final journey through her beloved Scotland[/caption]

Mourners have told of their sorrow
Getty

In bright sunshine, the hearse carried the late monarch through the gates of the royal residence which was the summer refuge for the former head of state.

Mourners lined the streets to pay their respects as Her Majesty’s oak coffin started its slow procession through Scotland.

Thousands gathered at Ballater, in Aberdeenshire – the first village the coffin passed through on its six-hour journey to Edinburgh.


It comes as…


In an incredible mark of respect, all mourners were completely silent during the hearse’s entire journey through the town.

There was impeccable silence as the funeral procession passed through Ballater.

Well-wishers who had waited patiently for the opportunity to pay their respects bowed their heads while others saluted as the hearse drove slowly by.

Afterwards, Margaret MacKenzie, from Inverness, said: “It was very dignified. It was nice to see that a lot of people came out to support and pay their respects.”

Guest house manager Victoria Pacheco said: “She meant such a lot to people in this area. People were crying, it was amazing to see.”

She said guests were overcome when news broke of the Queen’s death last week.

Elizabeth Taylor, from Aberdeen, had tears in her eyes as she considered what she had just seen.

Most read in News

FAMILY TRAGEDY


Two year-old boy dies after ‘mum reverses over him on driveway at home’

FOUND


Scots boy, nine, traced following major search as cops launch probe

PRINCE’S GRIEF


Kate reveals poignant reaction of Louis, 4, after great-gran The Queen died

UNITED IN GRIEF


Meghan and Harry join William and Princess Kate to mourn Queen at Windsor

FINAL GOODBYE


Full details of Queen’s final journey confirmed as public to pay respects

ONE LAST JOURNEY


Queen’s final route through Scotland revealed after death at Balmoral


She said: “It was very emotional. It was respectful and showed what they think of the Queen.

“She certainly gave service to this country even up until a few days before her death.”

The Queen and her family were often seen in the village on her beloved Royal Deeside, which she had visited since childhood and where the royal family are allowed space to be themselves.

Many shops in the picturesque Victorian village are displaying photographs of the Queen in their windows in tribute.

The Princess Royal and her husband Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence were part of the procession travelling in a limousine directly behind the late Queen.

Her oak coffin had been carried to the vehicle by six of the Balmoral estate’s gamekeepers, who were tasked with the symbolic gesture.

Draped with the Royal Standard of Scotland and with a wreath of flowers on top, it had remained at rest in the Balmoral ballroom so the late monarch’s loyal estate workers can say their last goodbyes.

Now with a single motorbike outrider leading the way and six vehicles following, the hearse travelled at a stately pace through the stunning Aberdeenshire countryside.

King Charles III and Queen Consort Camilla will arrive in Edinburgh tomorrow to travel with the coffin from Holyroodhouse to St Giles Cathedral.

They will mount a vigil along with other members of the Royal Family inside the cathedral at 7.20pm.

The Queen will lie in state for 24 hours, allowing Scots to come to pay their respects.

Princess Anne will then accompany her late mother from Edinburgh Airport to RAF Northolt on Tuesday evening.

The coffin will be met by a Guard of Honour from the King’s Guard as it arrives at Buckingham Palace.

King Charles and Queen Camilla will watch as it is carried to the Bow Room where chaplains will keep watch.

On Wednesday, there will be a horse and carriage procession through the streets of London at 2.22pm to Westminster Hall.

One million mourners are expected to visit her coffin as the Queen lies in state for four full days.

Details on how to attend will be released in the coming days but it is expected to operate on a first come first served basis.

Soldiers will guard the coffin around the clock as the streams of mourners file past.

Members of the Royal Family are also expected to take turns standing guard in a tradition known as the Vigil of the Princes.

Prince Edward and Charles both stood watch over the Queen Mother’s coffin in 2002.

Her Majesty will then be laid to rest on Monday 19 September at 11am.

The state funeral has officially been declared as a Bank Holiday with a two minute’s silence expected to beheld across the nation at midday.

The Queen’s final resting place will be the King George VI memorial chapel where her mother and father were buried along with the ashes of her sister, Princess Margaret.

Reuters

People line the street in the village of Ballater[/caption]

People gather in tribute as the cortege carrying the coffin of the late Queen Elizabeth II passes by
Getty

Not understanding others. The RdoC approach to Theory of mind and empathy deficits in Schizophrenia, Borderline Personality Disorder and Mood Disorders

Baron-Cohen S., Leslie A. M. & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”. Cognition, 21(1), pp. 37-46;

Casey B. J., Craddock N., Cuthbert B. N., Hyman S. E., Lee F. S. & Ressler K. J. (2013). DSM-5 and RDoC: progress in psychiatry research?. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(11), pp. 810-814;

Charney D. S., Buxbaum J. D., Sklar P. & Nestler E. J. (Eds.). (2013). Neurobiology of mental illness. Oxford University Press;

Cotter J., Granger K., Backx R., Hobbs M., Looi C. Y. & Barnett J. H. (2018). Social cognitive dysfunction as a clinical marker: a systematic review of meta-analyses across 30 clinical conditions. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, pp. 84, 92-99;

Cuthbert B. N. & Kozak M. J. (2013). Constructing constructs for psychopathology: the NIMH research domain criteria. Journal of abnormal psychology, 122(3), pp. 928-937;

Cuthbert B. N. & Insel T. R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RdoC. BMC medicine, 11(1), p. 126;

Cuthbert B. N. (2014). The RDoC framework: facilitating transition from ICD/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 13(1), pp. 28-35;

Decety J., & Jackson P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience reviews, 3(2), pp. 71-100;

de Waal F. B. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy. Annual review of psychology, pp. 59, p. 279;

Faucher L. & Goyer S. (2015). RDoC: Thinking outside the DSM box without falling into a reductionist trap. In The DSM-5 in perspective (pp. 199-224). Springer, Dordrecht;

Gallese V. (2007). Before and below ‘theory of mind’: embodied simulation and the neural correlates of social cognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1480), pp. 659-669;

Harrison L. A., Kats, A. Williams M. E. & Aziz-Zadeh L. (2019). The importance of sensory processing in mental health: A proposed addition to the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and suggestions for RDoC 2.0. Frontiers in psychology, 10, p. 103;

Hoffman G.A. and Zachar P. (2017) RDoC’s Metaphysical Assumptions: Problems and Promises.” In Extraordinary Science: Responding to the Current Crisis in Psychiatric Research, ed. Jeffrey Poland, and Şerife Tekin, pp. 59-86. Cambridge: MIT Press;

Hyman S. E. (2007). Can neuroscience be integrated into the DSM-V?. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(9), 725-732;

Hyman S. E. (2010). The diagnosis of mental disorders: the problem of reification. Annual review of clinical psychology, 6, pp. 155-179; National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

Insel T., Cuthbert B., Garvey M., Heinssen R., Pine D. S., Quinn K. … & Wang P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders;

Lake J., Yee C. & Miller G. Misunderstanding RDoC. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 225(3), pp. 170-174;

London E. B. (2014). Categorical diagnosis: a fatal flaw for autism research?. Trends in neurosciences, 37(12), pp. 683-686;

Koudys J. W., Traynor J. M., Rodrigo A. H., Carcone D. & Ruocco A. C. (2019). The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative and its implications for research on personality disorder. Current psychiatry reports, 21(6), p. 37.

Lilienfeld S. O. & Treadway M. T. (2016). Clashing diagnostic approaches: DSM-ICD versus RDoC. Annual review of clinical psychology, 12, pp. 435-463;

Mitchell R. L. & Phillips L. H. (2015). The overlapping relationship between emotion perception and theory of mind. Neuropsychologia, 70, pp. 1-10;

Molenberghs P., Johnson H., Henry J. D. & Mattingley J. B. (2016). Understanding the minds of others: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 65, pp. 276-291;

Morris S. E. & Cuthbert B. N. (2012). Research Domain Criteria: cognitive systems, neural circuits, and dimensions of behavior. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 14(1), p. 29;

Nesse R. M. & Stein D. J. (2012). Towards a genuinely medical model for psychiatric nosology. BMC medicine, 10(1), p. 5;

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (2019) https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/rdoc/about-rdoc.shtml;

Premack D. & Woodruff G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?. Behavioral and brain sciences, 1(4), pp. 515-526;

Stanislow C., Morris S., Pacheco J., Cuthbert B. (2020). The National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria: an alternative framework to guide psychopathology research. In Geddes J. R. & Andreasen N. C. (2020). New Oxford textbook of psychiatry. Oxford University Press, USA, pp. 62-73;

Stueber, Karsten, “Empathy”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/empathy/>;

Tabb, K. (2015). Psychiatric progress and the assumption of diagnostic discrimination. Philosophy of Science, 82(5), pp. 1047-1058;

Tomasello M. & Moll H. (2013). Why don’t apes understand false beliefs? In MR Banaji & SA Gelman (Eds.), Navigating the social world: What infants, children, and other species can teach us (pp. 81-88). Oxford [ua]: Oxford Univ;

Tsou J. Y. (2015). DSM-5 and psychiatry’s second revolution: Descriptive vs. theoretical approaches to psychiatric classification. In The DSM-5 in perspective (pp. 43-62). Springer, Dordrecht;

Walther S., Bernard J. A., Mittal V. A. & Shankman S. A. (2019). The utility of an RDoC motor domain to understand psychomotor symptoms in depression. Psychological medicine, 49(2), pp. 212-216;

Wellman H. M. & Liu D. (2004). Scaling of theory-of-mind tasks. Child development, 75(2), pp. 523-541;

World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Revision). Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en;

Yee C. M., Javitt D. C. & Miller G. A. (2015). Replacing DSM categorical analyses with dimensional analyses in psychiatry research: the research domain criteria initiative. JAMA psychiatry, 72(12), pp. 1159-1160;

Zachar P., Stoyanov D. S., Aragona M. & Jablensky A. (Eds.). (2014). Alternative perspectives on psychiatric validation: DSM, ICD, RDoC, and beyond. OUP Oxford;

Adrian J. E., Clemente R. A., Villanueva L. & Rieffe C. (2005). Parent-child picture-book reading, mothers’ mental state language and children’s theory of mind. J Child Lang 32, pp. 673-86;

Amodio D. M. & Frith C. D. (2006). Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 7, pp. 268-77;

Arntz A., Bernstein D., Oorschot M. & Schobre P. (2009). Theory of mind in borderline and cluster-C personality disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 197, pp. 801-7.

Backasch B., Straube B., Pyka M., Klohn-Saghatolislam F., Muller M. J., Kircher T. T. & Leube D. T. (2013). Hyperintentionality during automatic perception of naturalistic cooperative behavior in patients with schizophrenia. Soc Neurosci 8, pp. 489-504;

Baron-Cohen S., O’Riordan M., Stone V., Jones R. & Plaisted K. (1999). Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord 29, pp. 407-18;

Baron-Cohen S., Wheelwright S., Hill J., Raste Y. & Plumb I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42, pp. 241-51;

Barrera A., Vazquez G., Tannenhaus L., Lolich M. & Herbst L. (2013). Theory of mind and functionality in bipolar patients with symptomatic remission. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment 6, pp. 67-74;

Benedetti F., Bernasconi A., Bosia M., Cavallaro R., Dallaspezia S., Falini A., Poletti S., Radaelli D., Riccaboni R., Scotti G. & Smeraldi E. (2009). Functional and structural brain correlates of theory of mind and empathy deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 114, pp. 154-60;

Bora E. (2009). [Theory of mind in schizophrenia spectrum disorders]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 20, pp. 269-81;

Bora, E., Bartholomeusz, C. & Pantelis, C. (2016). Meta-analysis of Theory of Mind (ToM) impairment in bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 46, pp. 253-64;

Bora E. & Berk M. (2016). Theory of mind in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 191, pp. 49-55;

Bora E. & Pantelis C. (2016). Social cognition in schizophrenia in comparison to bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 175, pp. 72-78;

Bosia M., Riccaboni R. & Poletti S. (2012). Neurofunctional correlates of theory of mind deficits in schizophrenia. Curr Top Med Chem 12, pp. 2284-302;

Brothers L. & Ring B. (1992). A neuroethological framework for the representation of minds. J Cogn Neurosci 4, pp. 107-18;

Brune M., Lissek S., Fuchs N., Witthaus H., Peters S., Nicolas V., Juckel G. & Tegenthoff M. (2008). An fMRI study of theory of mind in schizophrenic patients with “passivity” symptoms. Neuropsychologia 46, pp. 1992-2001;

Brunet E., Sarfati Y., Hardy-Bayle M. C. & Decety J. (2003). Abnormalities of brain function during a nonverbal theory of mind task in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 41, pp. 1574-82;

Callicott J. H., Bertolino A., Mattay V. S., Langheim F. J., Duyn J., Coppola R., Goldberg T. E. & Weinberger D. R. (2000). Physiological dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia revisited. Cereb Cortex 10, pp. 1078-92;

Cavanna A. E. & Trimble M. R. (2006). The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain 129, pp. 564-83;

Ciaramidaro A., Bolte, S., Schlitt S., Hainz D., Poustka F., Weber B., Bara B. G., Freitag C. & Walter H. (2015). Schizophrenia and autism as contrasting minds: neural evidence for the hypo-hyper-intentionality hypothesis. Schizophr Bull 41, pp. 171-9;

Corcoran R., Cahill C. & Frith C. D. (1997). The appreciation of visual jokes in people with schizophrenia: a study of ‘mentalizing’ ability. Schizophr Res 24, pp. 319-27;

Cotter J., Granger K., Backx R., Hobbs M., Looi C. Y. & Barnett J. H. (2018). Social cognitive dysfunction as a clinical marker: A systematic review of meta-analyses across 30 clinical conditions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 84, pp. 92-99;

Cuthbert B. N. & Insel T. R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Med 11, p. 126;

Dapretto M., Davies M. S., Pfeifer J. H., Scott A. A., Sigman M., Bookheimer S. Y. & Iacoboni M. (2006). Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nat Neurosci 9, pp. 28-30;

Davidson C. A., Piskulic D., Addington J., Cadenhead K. S., Cannon T. D., Cornblatt B. A., McGlashan T. H., Perkins D. O., Seidman L. J., Tsuang M. T., Walker E. F., Bearden C. E., Mathalon D. H., Woods S. W. & Johannesen J. K. (2018). Age-related trajectories of social cognition in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis: An exploratory study. Schizophr Res 201, pp. 130-136;

Domes G., Schulze L. & Herpertz S. C. (2009). Emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder-a review of the literature. J Pers Disord 23, pp. 6-19;

Donegan N. H., Sanislow C. A., Blumberg H. P., Fulbright R. K., Lacadie C., Skudlarski P., Gore J. C., Olson I. R., McGlashan T. H. & Wexler B. E. (2003). Amygdala hyperreactivity in borderline personality disorder: implications for emotional dysregulation. Biol Psychiatry 54, pp. 1284-93;

Dziobek I., Preissler S., Grozdanovic Z., Heuser I., Heekeren H. R. & Roepke S. (2011). Neuronal correlates of altered empathy and social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Neuroimage 57, pp. 539-48;

Farrow T. F., Whitford T. J., Williams L. M., Gomes L. & Harris A. W. (2005). Diagnosis-related regional gray matter loss over two years in first episode schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 58, pp. 713-23;

Fertuck E. A., Jekal A., Song I., Wyman B., Morris M. C., Wilson S. T., Brodsky B. S. & Stanley B. (2009). Enhanced ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ in borderline personality disorder compared to healthy controls. Psychol Med 39, pp. 1979-88;

Fett A. K., Viechtbauer W., Dominguez M. D., Penn D. L., van Os J. & Krabbendam L. (2011). The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35, pp. 573-88;

Fonagy P. & Target M. (1996). Playing with reality: I. Theory of mind and the normal development of psychic reality. Int J Psychoanal 77 ( Pt 2), pp. 217-33;

Franzen N., Hagenhoff M., Baer N., Schmidt A., Mier D., Sammer G., Gallhofer B., Kirsch, P. & Lis S. (2011). Superior ‘theory of mind’ in borderline personality disorder: an analysis of interaction behavior in a virtual trust game. Psychiatry Res 187, pp. 224-33;

Frick C., Lang S., Kotchoubey B., Sieswerda S., Dinu-Biringer R., Berger M., Veser S., Essig M. & Barnow S. (2012). Hypersensitivity in borderline personality disorder during mindreading. PLoS One 7, e41650.

Frith C. D. & Frith U. (2007). Social cognition in humans. Curr Biol 17, R724-32.

Ghiassi V., Dimaggio G. & Brune M. (2010). Dysfunctions in understanding other minds in borderline personality disorder: a study using cartoon picture stories. Psychother Res 20, pp. 657-67;

Greig T. C., Bryson G. J. & Bell M. D. (2004). Theory of mind performance in schizophrenia: diagnostic, symptom, and neuropsychological correlates. J Nerv Ment Dis 192, pp. 12-8;

Gross & Harris (1988). False Beliefs About Emotion: Children’s Understanding of Misleading Emotional Displays. International Journal of Behavioral Development, pp. 475-488;

Happe F. G. (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind: understanding of story characters’ thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. J Autism Dev Disord 24, pp. 129-54;

Herold R., Tenyi T., Lenard K. & Trixler M. (2002). Theory of mind deficit in people with schizophrenia during remission. Psychol Med 32, pp. 1125-9;

Herpertz S. C. & Bertsch K. (2014). The social-cognitive basis of personality disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 27, pp. 73-7;

Hershenberg R. & Goldfried M. R. (2015). Implications of RDoC for the research and practice of psychotherapy. Behavior Therapy, 46(2), pp. 156-165.

Hibar D. P., Westlye L. T., Doan N. T., Jahanshad N., Cheung J. W., Ching C. R. K., Versace A., Bilderbeck A. C., Uhlmann A., Mwangi B., Kramer B., Overs B., Hartberg C. B., Abe C., Dima D., Grotegerd D., Sprooten E., Boen E., Jimenez E., Howells F. M., Delvecchio G., Temmingh H., Starke J., Almeida J. R. C., Goikolea J. M., Houenou J., Beard L. M., Rauer L., Abramovic L., Bonnin M., Ponteduro M. F., Keil M., Rive M. M., Yao N., Yalin N., Najt P., Rosa P. G., Redlich R., Trost S., Hagenaars S., Fears S. C., Alonso-Lana S., van Erp T. G. M., Nickson T., Chaim-Avancini T. M., Meier T. B., Elvsashagen T., Haukvik U. K., Lee W. H., Schene A. H., Lloyd A. J., Young A. H., Nugent A., Dale A. M., Pfennig A., McIntosh A. M., Lafer B., Baune B. T., Ekman C. J., Zarate C. A., Bearden C. E., Henry C., Simhandl C., McDonald C., Bourne C., Stein D. J., Wolf D. H., Cannon D. M., Glahn D. C., Veltman D. J., Pomarol-Clotet E., Vieta, E., Canales-Rodriguez E. J., Nery F. G., Duran F. L. S., Busatto G. F., Roberts G., Pearlson G. D., Goodwin G. M., Kugel H., Whalley H. C., Ruhe H. G., Soares J. C., Fullerton J. M., Rybakowski J. K., Savitz J., Chaim K. T., Fatjo-Vilas M., Soeiro-de-Souza M. G., Boks M. P., Zanetti M. V., Otaduy M. C. G., Schaufelberger M. S., Alda M., Ingvar M., Phillips M. L., Kempton M. J., Bauer M., Landen M., Lawrence N. S., van Haren N. E. M., Horn N. R., Freimer N. B., Gruber O., Schofield P. R., Mitchell P. B., Kahn R. S., Lenroot R., Machado-Vieira R., Ophoff R. A., Sarro S., Frangou S., Satterthwaite T. D., Hajek T., Dannlowski U., Malt U. F., Arolt V., Gattaz W. F., Drevets W. C., Caseras X., Agartz I., Thompson P. M. & Andreassen O. A. (2018). Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder: an MRI analysis of 6503 individuals from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Mol Psychiatry 23, pp. 932-942;

Hibar D. P., Westlye L. T., van Erp T. G., Rasmussen J., Leonardo C. D., Faskowitz J., Haukvik U. K., Hartberg C. B., Doan N. T., Agartz I., Dale A. M., Gruber O., Kramer B., Trost S., Liberg B., Abe C., Ekman C. J., Ingvar M., Landen M., Fears S. C., Freimer N. B., Bearden C. E., Costa Rica/Colombia Consortium for Genetic Investigation of Bipolar, Sprooten E., Glahn D. C., Pearlson G. D., Emsell L., Kenney J., Scanlon C., McDonald C., Cannon D. M., Almeida J., Versace A., Caseras X., Lawrence N. S., Phillips M. L., Dima D., Delvecchio G., Frangou S., Satterthwaite T. D., Wolf D., Houenou J., Henry C., Malt U. F., Boen E., Elvsashagen T., Young A. H., Lloyd A. J., Goodwin G. M., Mackay C. E., Bourne C., Bilderbeck A., Abramovic L., Boks M. P., van Haren N. E., Ophoff R. A., Kahn R. S., Bauer M., Pfennig A., Alda M., Hajek T., Mwangi B., Soares J. C., Nickson T., Dimitrova R., Sussmann J. E., Hagenaars S., Whalley H. C., McIntosh A. M., Thompson P. M. & Andreassen O. A. (2016). Subcortical volumetric abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 21, pp. 1710-1716;

Horan W. P., Nuechterlein K. H., Wynn J. K., Lee J., Castelli F. & Green M. F. (2009). Disturbances in the spontaneous attribution of social meaning in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 39, pp. 635-43;

Hyman S. E. (2007). Can neuroscience be integrated into the DSM-V? Nat Rev Neurosci 8, pp. 725-32;

Hyman S. E. (2010). The diagnosis of mental disorders: the problem of reification. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 6, pp. 155-79;

Inoue Y., Yamada K., Hirano M., Shinohara M., Tamaoki T., Iguchi H., Tonooka Y. & Kanba S. (2006). Impairment of theory of mind in patients in remission following first episode of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci p. 256, pp. 326-8;

Insel T., Cuthbert B., Garvey M., Heinssen R., Pine D. S., Quinn K., Sanislow C. & Wang P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry p. 167, pp. 748-51;

Kelemen O., Erdelyi R., Pataki I., Benedek G., Janka Z. & Keri S. (2005). Theory of mind and motion perception in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology 19, pp. 494-500;

Kendell R. & Jablensky A. (2003). Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry 160, pp. 4-12;

Kern R. S., Green M. F., Fiske A. P., Kee K. S., Lee J., Sergi M. J., Horan W. P., Subotnik K. L., Sugar C. A. & Nuechterlein K. H. (2009). Theory of mind deficits for processing counterfactual information in persons with chronic schizophrenia. Psychol Med 39, pp. 645-54;

Kington J. M., Jones L. A., Watt A. A., Hopkin E. J. & Williams J. (2000). Impaired eye expression recognition in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 34, pp. 341-7;

Kohler C. G., Hoffman L. J., Eastman L. B., Healey K. & Moberg P. J. (2011). Facial emotion perception in depression and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Psychiatry Res 188, p. 3039;

Kohler C. G., Walker J. B., Martin E. A., Healey K. M. & Moberg P. J. (2010). Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Schizophr Bull 36, pp. 1009-19;

Kronbichler L., Tschernegg M., Martin A. I., Schurz M. & Kronbichler M. (2017). Abnormal Brain Activation During Theory of Mind Tasks in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Bull 43, pp. 1240-1250;

Lahera G., Benito A. Montes J. M., Fernandez-Liria A., Olbert C. M. & Penn D. L. (2013). Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) for outpatients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 146, pp. 132-6;

Lazarus S. A., Cheavens J. S., Festa F. & Zachary Rosenthal M. (2014). Interpersonal functioning in borderline personality disorder: a systematic review of behavioral and laboratory-based assessments. Clin Psychol Rev 34, pp. 193-205;

Leppanen J., Sedgewick F., Treasure J. & Tchanturia K. (2018). Differences in the Theory of Mind profiles of patients with anorexia nervosa and individuals on the autism spectrum: A meta-analytic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 90, pp. 146-163;

Leslie A. M. & Keeble S. (1987). Do six-month-old infants perceive causality? Cognition 25, pp. 265-88;

Malhi G. S., Lagopoulos J., Das P., Moss K., Berk M. & Coulston C. M. (2008). A functional MRI study of Theory of Mind in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disord 10, pp. 943-56;

Mar R. A. (2011). The neural bases of social cognition and story comprehension. Annu Rev Psychol 62, pp. 103-34;

Martin A. K., Robinson G., Dzafic I., Reutens D. & Mowry B. (2014). Theory of mind and the social brain: implications for understanding the genetic basis of schizophrenia. Genes Brain Behav 13, pp. 104-17;

Meristo M., Falkman K. W., Hjelmquist E., Tedoldi M., Surian L. & Siegal M. (2007). Language access and theory of mind reasoning: evidence from deaf children in bilingual and oralist environments. Dev Psychol 43, pp. 1156-69;

Mier D., Lis S., Esslinger C., Sauer C., Hagenhoff M., Ulferts J., Gallhofer B. & Kirsch P. (2013). Neuronal correlates of social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 8, pp. 531-7;

Milders M., Ietswaart M., Crawford J. R. & Currie D. (2006). Impairments in theory of mind shortly after traumatic brain injury and at 1-year follow-up. Neuropsychology 20, pp. 400-408;

Milligan K., Astington J. W. & Dack L. A. (2007). Language and theory of mind: meta-analysis of the relation between language ability and false-belief understanding. Child Dev 78, pp. 622-46;

Minzenberg M. J., Fan J., New A. S., Tang C. Y. & Siever L. J. (2007). Fronto-limbic dysfunction in response to facial emotion in borderline personality disorder: an event-related fMRI study. Psychiatry Res 155, pp. 231-43;

Mitchell A. E., Dickens G. L. & Picchioni M. M. (2014). Facial emotion processing in borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 24, pp. 166-84;

Mitchell R. L. & Young A. H. (2015). Theory of Mind in Bipolar Disorder, with Comparison to the Impairments Observed in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 6, pp. 188;

Mo S., Su Y., Chan R. C. & Liu J. (2008). Comprehension of metaphor and irony in schizophrenia during remission: the role of theory of mind and IQ. Psychiatry Res 157, pp. 21-9;

Moriguchi Y. (2014). The early development of executive function and its relation to social interaction: a brief review. Front Psychol 5, p. 388;

Moses S. N., Ostreicher M. L. & Ryan J. D. (2010). Relational framework improves transitive inference across age groups. Psychol Res 74, pp. 207-18;

Murphy D. (2006). Theory of mind in Asperger’s syndrome, schizophrenia and personality disordered forensic patients. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 11, pp. 99-111;

Nemeth N., Matrai P., Hegyi P., Czeh B., Czopf L., Hussain A., Pammer J., Szabo I., Solymar M., Kiss L., Hartmann P., Szilagyi A. L., Kiss Z. & Simon M. (2018). Theory of mind disturbances in borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 270, pp. 143-153;

Perner J. & Davies G. (1991). Understanding the mind as an active information processor: do young children have a “copy theory of mind”? Cognition 39, pp. 51-69;

Perner J., Mauer M. C. & Hildenbrand M. (2011). Identity: key to children’s understanding of belief. Science 333, pp. 474-7;

Perner J. & Winner H. (1985). John thinks that Mary thinks that…” attribution of second-order beliefs by 5- to 10-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 39;

Povinelli D. J. (1993). Reconstructing the evolution of mind. Am Psychol 48, 493-509;

Purcell A. L., Phillips M. & Gruber J. (2013). In your eyes: does theory of mind predict impaired life functioning in bipolar disorder? J Affect Disord 151, pp. 1113-9;

Ruocco A. C., Amirthavasagam S., Choi-Kain L. W. & McMain S. F. (2013). Neural correlates of negative emotionality in borderline personality disorder: an activation-likelihood-estimation meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 73, pp. 153-60;

Samson D., Apperly I. A. & Humphreys G. W. (2007). Error analyses reveal contrasting deficits in “theory of mind”: neuropsychological evidence from a 3-option false belief task. Neuropsychologia 45, pp. 2561-9;

Sanislow C. A., Pine D. S., Quinn K. J., Kozak M. J., Garvey M. A., Heinssen R. K., Wang P. S. & Cuthbert B. N. (2010). Developing constructs for psychopathology research: research domain criteria. J Abnorm Psychol 119, pp. 631-9.

Saxe R. & Wexler A. (2005). Making sense of another mind: the role of the right temporo-parietal junction. Neuropsychologia 43, pp. 1391-9;

Schilling L., Wingenfeld K., Lowe B., Moritz S., Terfehr K., Kother U. & Spitzer C. (2012). Normal mind-reading capacity but higher response confidence in borderline personality disorder patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 66, pp. 322-7;

Schurz M., Radua J., Aichhorn M., Richlan F. & Perner J. (2014). Fractionating theory of mind: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 42, pp. 9-34;

Scott L. N., Levy K. N., Adams R. B., Jr. & Stevenson M. T. (2011). Mental state decoding abilities in young adults with borderline personality disorder traits. Personal Disord 2, pp. 98-112;

Shamay-Tsoory S., Harari H., Szepsenwol O. & Levkovitz Y. (2009). Neuropsychological evidence of impaired cognitive empathy in euthymic bipolar disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 21, pp. 59-67;

Shamay-Tsoory S. G. (2011). The neural bases for empathy. Neuroscientist 17, pp. 18-24;

Shamay-Tsoory S. G., Shur S., Barcai-Goodman L., Medlovich S., Harari H. & Levkovitz Y. (2007). Dissociation of cognitive from affective components of theory of mind in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 149, pp. 11-23;

Sullivan Winner & Hopfield (1995). How children tell a lie from a joke: The role of second- order mental state attributions. Developmental Psychology, pp. 191–204;

Takahashi T., Wood S. J., Yung A. R., Soulsby B., McGorry P. D., Suzuki M., Kawasaki Y., Phillips L. J., Velakoulis D. & Pantelis C. (2009). Progressive gray matter reduction of the superior temporal gyrus during transition to psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66, pp. 366-76;

Thye M. D., Murdaugh D. L. & Kana R. K. (2018). Brain Mechanisms Underlying Reading the Mind from Eyes, Voice, and Actions. Neuroscience 374, pp. 172-186;

Unoka Z., Fogd D., Fuzy M. & Csukly G. (2011). Misreading the facial signs: specific impairments and error patterns in recognition of facial emotions with negative valence in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 189, pp. 419-25;

Van Overwalle F. & Baetens K. (2009). Understanding others’ actions and goals by mirror and mentalizing systems: a meta-analysis. Neuroimage 48, pp. 564-84;

Van Rheenen T. E., Meyer D. & Rossell S. L. (2014). Pathways between neurocognition, social cognition and emotion regulation in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 130, pp. 397-405;

Vogeley K., Bussfeld P., Newen A., Herrmann S., Happe F., Falkai P., Maier W., Shah N. J., Fink G. R. & Zilles K. (2001). Mind reading: neural mechanisms of theory of mind and self-perspective. Neuroimage 14, pp. 170-81;

Walter H., Ciaramidaro A., Adenzato M., Vasic N., Ardito R. B., Erk S. & Bara B. G. (2009). Dysfunction of the social brain in schizophrenia is modulated by intention type: an fMRI study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 4, pp. 166-76;

Wolf F., Brune M. & Assion H. J. (2010). Theory of mind and neurocognitive functioning in patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 12, pp. 657-66.

Container Vegetable Gardening Guide

Planting a container vegetable garden is not much different than planting your in-ground vegetable or kitchen garden. The same seasonal requirements apply–plant cool-season crops in early spring or late summer; plant warm-season crops in spring and summer.

Because your container garden space is limited in size–including the depth of the soil for root growth–first, select a container that is big enough for the crop you want to grow, next choose crop varieties or cultivars that will grow well in containers. You will have success with vegetables that are described as “compact,” “bush,” or “dwarf.”

The advantages of container gardening

  • All you need to start is a trowel, premixed soil, and a container.
  • Care is easier: container gardens rarely get weeds; diseased soil is easily tossed; water is almost always close by since most container gardens are on patios, porches, or balconies
  • Containers are mobile: you can take advantage of sun and seasonal changes; plants are more easily sheltered from the cold.
  • Harvest is quick: place your containers near the kitchen.
  • Almost every plant that grows in your in-ground garden will grow in your container garden provided the container is large enough.

Because container gardens offer so much freedom, add to the adventure by growing gourmet varieties that you do not commonly find at the farm market or produce store. Here are a few suggestions: snap peas (round, fat, and crunchy), Mizuna (frilly salad leaves), winter purslane (small succulent leaves); salad burnet (salad green tastes like cucumber), spice basil (tastes like its name), garlic chives (on potatoes or in salsa), fava beans (try them fresh), beets (how about red-swirled), purple tomatillos (enough said), miniature sweet peppers (try Jingle Bells).

Check out seed catalogs–most will recommend varieties for container growing. Here is a list of kitchen garden vegetable and herb varieties and cultivars that you can try and suggested a minimum container size for growing one plant. If you want to grow more than one plant in a container add three-quarters again the width of the container.

Balcony vegetable garden
Balcony vegetable garden

You can grow a miniature vegetable garden. Growing vegetables in containers is an easy and pleasurable way to garden if you live in an apartment, townhouse, or condominium. A sunny balcony, patio, courtyard, porch, doorway, or windowsill is all you need to get your small garden growing. Most vegetables and herbs will succeed in containers. In fact, your ability to move a container from shade to sun and from a chilly location to a warm location almost assures success.

Choosing a container

Containers may be almost anything that suits your fancy: plastic or clay pots, plastic or wooden window boxes (redwood or cedar is durable and slow to deteriorate), tubs, bushel or wire baskets, or barrels. I’ve even seen vegetables growing in old watering cans and garden boots. You can improvise with all sorts of containers depending on which vegetables you want to grow.

Container Garden Products at Amazon:

Plastic pots are lightweight and usually inexpensive. Molded polypropylene is popular–many with a clay pot look to them. (These will insulate the soil from cold better than thin plastic.) Clay and terracotta pots are more expensive but very attractive. Clay and terracotta need more frequent watering if a plastic liner is not used. Glazed pots also are attractive, but double-check to make sure they have drainage holes. Wooden boxes, tubs, and half barrels are a good choice where freezing weather is common. Make sure wooden containers have drainage holes and once planted, don’t let them dry out or they will crack or lose their form.

Types of containers

Containers for container gardens can be terracotta, wood, plastic, or metal.  Choose the style that best fits your patio, balcony, or roof terrace.

The larger the container the less watering and feeding will be needed since larger containers can hold more soil or potting medium, moisture, and nutrients required by plants. Small pots and window boxes will likely require watering every day in warm and hot regions. Large pots can commonly sustain soil moisture for three or more days.

Containers on wheels will allow you to move plants around to get the best sun or to take advantage of shade in hot weather. Plant caddies come in a variety of styles with wheels and casters rated for the weight they can bear.

Good drainage is essential when growing plants in containers. Containers less than 10 inches/25 cm in diameter should have a hole ½ inch/ 1.2 cm in diameter to provide good drainage. Containers greater than 10 inches in diameter need two to four holes.

A soil depth of at least 8 inches/ 20 cm will hold sufficient soil, nutrients, and moisture to support a good yield from almost every vegetable and herb growing in a container. (Expect to water two or three times per week.) Smaller containers holding less soil may require more frequent watering and fertilizing.

Generally, uniformity in a container’s look and material will be visually pleasing.

  • Terracotta and glazed pots and planters are tried and true and have a classic feel. Terracotta is porous and draws moisture from the soil. Glazed pots retain moisture longer. Clay and glazed pots can be heavy and can be difficult to move without breaking once planted. A plant caddy can help you move these containers.
  • Wooden boxes and half barrels have a rustic appearance. Redwood and cedar containers can withstand moisture and are slow to rot—for several years. Wood containers can wick moisture so you will need to pay attention to watering. Placing a plastic liner in your wooden container will slow evaporation and protect the wood.
  • Galvanized steel has a modern look and resists corrosion. You can find metal buckets and troughs at feed stores and hardware stores. Metal pots retain water well, but they also heat up quickly when exposed to direct sun. Line metal containers with sheet plastic or landscape fabric to keep the metal from overheating the soil.
  • Fiberglass and resin pots and planters are lightweight and are often manufactured to look like heavier terracotta or ceramic.
  • Plastic pots—from the most colorful to basic black nursery pots—are the least expensive, lightweight, and durable, and come in many sizes. Plastic pots are ideal if containers need to be moved often. Plastic containers hold moisture and require less watering. In cold-winter regions, you can double-pot plastic with a layer of sphagnum moss or newspaper between the pots to provide insulation. In hot-summer regions, you can paint the outside of black plastic pots with latex to reflect the sun’s heat.
  • Fiber pots—paper impregnated with binders—are tough, durable, lightweight, and very inexpensive. Fiber containers must be well drained and can not sit in saucers of water.
  • Self-watering containers–planters with built-in reservoirs are a good choice for roof or balcony gardens. Self-watering containers have an upper section for soil and a lower reservoir for water with a wicking system to deliver the water to the soil. These containers eliminate daily watering and are well-suited for thirsty crops such as tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, and squashes.
  • Window boxes are a good choice where space is limited and narrow. Wooden, terracotta, and plastic window boxes are easy to find. Window boxes require bracket kits to secure them safely to sills and balconies.
  • Hanging baskets can help you utilize all of your vertical space. Half baskets can fit against walls. Choose hooks and brackets rated for the weight of the planted and watered hanging basket. Keep in mind that hanging baskets because of their exposure to wind and sun will generally dry out quickly.
  • Grow bags are lightweight flexible fabric bags that can fit into nearly any space. Grow bags are commonly lined with plastic and retain moisture. They are easy to move and store once empty. The sides of the bag can be rolled up and down for differing amounts of soil—depending on the crop you are growing.
  • Wide-bottomed containers and troughs are good choices for balconies and roof gardens because their center of gravity is low and they are less likely to be blown over or scooted around by wind.
  • Lightweight mini raised-bed can be used on patios, balconies, and roof terraces. They require an underlay of landscape fabric to keep soil and moisture off the surface and should be positioned for optimal drainage.

Container sizes

Your best choice is to choose as large a container as possible. Beans, cucumbers, green peppers, and tomatoes require five-gallon containers (dwarf varieties will get by in two-gallon pots). Radishes, lettuce, scallions, cress, parsley, carrots, chives, and other herbs flourish in a container six inches deep and about six inches wide. A single small vegetable such as lettuce or spinach will grow in a six-inch pot. A 12-inch pot will accommodate four lettuce or spinach plants. An 18-inch pot will hold as many as ten herbs. Avoid shallow containers that will cramp roots and can either dry out quickly or become waterlogged. Perforate the base of any container so excess water will drain away. If you are using a container that’s been used before, be sure to wash it thoroughly before planting.

containers
Leafy crops in small containers

Soil mix for containers

Buying pre-mixed potting soil is the easiest way to fill your container. Bagged potting mixes come in several sizes. Garden centers and most hardware stores sell potting mixes–which are usually multi-purpose soil or compost. If you have good growing soil in your garden, you can use it: add equal parts aged compost, pulverized topsoil, and a combination of worm castings, spent coffee grounds, and perlite to make your own mix. (Soil from the garden alone is almost always too dense for container plant growing.)

Place a layer of peat or sterilized bark at the bottom of the container over the drainage hole to keep your potting mix from washing away. Next, add a layer of compost and then the potting mix. Place large containers–such as tubs and half barrels–in their final position before filling them with soil. If you plan to move large containers during the year set them on wheels or rollers. Fill the container to within 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the top.

Soil delivers nutrients and water to plant roots and anchors plants in place. Because the planting medium in containers is limited its composition is very important to plants growing there.

A container planting mix must be nutrient-rich and hold moisture for several days. It must be soft and friable and resist compaction so that roots develop properly. A potting mix must be free of soil-borne fungus pathogens and predatory pests such as grubs, cutworms, and larvae that can destroy plants.

Commonly, backyard soil is not suitable for container planting. While backyard soil may be fertile it often contains too much clay or too much sand or can be too acidic or too alkaline. Such concentrations in the limited space of a container can be detrimental to plant growth.

To ensure healthy plant development, the best course is to either buy a planting mix for container growing or blend your own. There are many brand-name potting mixes available at garden centers and nurseries. Ask your nursery person what she recommends. Two commercial light mixes suitable for balcony and rooftop gardens are Supersoil and Jiffy Mix. Other commercial potting mixes are Pro Mix and Redi-earth.

Blending your own potting mix is an alternative to buying ready-made mixes. Blending your own may be cost-effective if you require a large amount of potting mix—and if you have a place to store it.

Here are three potting mixes you can blend at home:

Cornell University Potting Mix:

Here is a potting mix developed by Cornell University (this formula makes enough mix for about three to four 1-gallon (4L) containers):

  • 8 quarts (7.5L) vermiculite
  • 8 quarts (7.5L) shredded peat moss (note: peat moss is a non-renewable resource; substitute aged compost)
  • 2 level tablespoons of superphosphate
  • 2 tablespoons limestone
  • 8 tablespoons steamed bone meal or dried cow manure

Mix all the ingredients in a trash can lined with a can liner. Shake vigorously. This is an odorless mix and what you don’t use can be stored in plastic bags.

The University of California potting mix:

Here is a potting mix developed by the University of California (this formula makes one cubic yard or 27 cubic feet (0.76 cm) of planting mix that is equal to 202 gallons (765L)):

  • 13 cubic feet (0.36 cbm) of composted redwood sawdust
  • 7 cubic feet (0.2 cbm) of ground fir or pine bark
  • 3½ cubic feet of coarse sphagnum peat moss (note: peat moss is a non-renewable resource; substitute aged compost)
  • 3½ cubic feet of horticultural grade or sharp builder’s sand
  • To 1 cubic yard (0.02 cbm) of these ingredients add:
  • 5 pounds (2.2 kg) of dolomitic sand
  • 2 pounds (0.9 kg) superphosphate fertilizer
  • 1 pound (0.45 kg) of calcium nitrate

Home-made vegetable potting mix:

This mix is enough for one 10-gallon (38L) container (for larger batches, increase the ingredients proportionally):

  • 5 gallons (19L) of fully mature compost (either commercially prepared or homemade)
  • 1 gallon (4L) sharp sand
  • 1 gallon (4L) vermiculite or perlite
  • 1 gallon (4L) ground sphagnum peat most

Blend these ingredients and then add 1 cup (236 mL) of 5-10-10 chelated fertilizer and then blend again.

Commercially blended potting mixes come to you sterilized. The home blends that contain garden soil or homemade compost are not. You may want to sterilize your mix to destroy weed seeds and nematodes (small microscopic worms) and to neutralize fungus diseases. You can sterilize your mix by spreading it out in a shallow pan and baking it at 275°F (135°C) for an hour; soak the soil before baking to avoid odor.

Crops for containers

Choose compact, dwarf, or fast-maturing vegetables for your container garden. Leafy vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, chard, green onions, and cabbage can thrive with just five hours of sun each day. Root vegetables such as radishes, carrots, and beets need an hour or two more. Fruiting vegetables require the most sun and warmth; cucumbers, eggplants, peppers, and tomatoes insist on at least 8 hours of full sun each day. The same is true for beans. Tomatoes, peppers, and cabbage plants are especially recommended to the beginner. Herbs are easy to grow in containers: try chives, parsley, basil, dill, rosemary, sage, summer savory, tarragon, and sweet marjoram.

Seeds for Success at Amazon:

Look for vegetables specifically recommended for container gardening–these are compact or dwarf vegetable varieties such as Little Ball beets, Short ‘n Sweet and Little Finger carrots, Tom Thumb and Salad Bowl lettuce, and Tiny Tim or Pixie tomatoes.

Container gardening is a good way to practice vertical gardening. Cucumbers, beans, peas, and tomatoes can be trained on a trellis. Place the trellis in your container before you fill it with soil and plant. Choose a larger container that is broad-based to avoid tipping when vining crops reach maturity.

Vegetable varieties to grow in containers

Vegetable variety names are followed by suggested container sizes.

  • Artichoke: Green Globe, Imperial Star, Violetto; container 24″ deep.
  • Lima beans: Bush Baby, Bush Lima, Fordhook, Fordhook 242; container 12″ wide x 8-10″ deep.
  • Snap beans: Bush Blue Lake, Bush Romano, Contender, Provider, Rushmore, Tendercrop Stringless; container 1′ wide x 1′ deep.
  • Beets: Baby Canning, Burpee Golden, Little Ball, Red Ace Hybrid, Ruby Queen; container 6″ wide x 6-12″ deep.
  • Broccoli: Arcadia, Green Comet, Munchkin, Small Miracle; container 8-12″ wide x 20″ deep.
  • Brussels sprouts: Jade Cross, Oliver, Rubine; container 12″ wide x 18-20″ deep.
  • Cabbage: Baby Head, Dwarf Morden, Earliball, Fast Ball, Flash, Minicole; container 8-12″ wide x 1′ deep.
  • Carrots: Amini, Baby Fingers Nantes, Baby Spike, Best of the Bunch, Danver’s Half Long, Early Horn, Gold Nugget,  Kinko, Nantes Half Long,  Little Finger, Round Baby, Short & Sweet, Thumbelina, Tiny Sweet; container 10″ wide x 10″ deep.
  • Cauliflower: Snow Cross, Violet Queen; container 18″ wide x 2-3′ deep.
  • Celery: Conquistador, Early Snowball, Redventure, Ventura; container 8-10″ wide x 10″ deep.
  • Chard: Bright Lights, Fordhook, Fordhook Giant, Lucullus, Ruby Red; container 12-18″ wide x 1′ deep.
  • Chinese cabbage: Bok Choy, Michihli, Wong Bok; container 1′ wide x 20″ deep.
  • Collards: Any variety; container 12″ deep.
  • Corn: F-M Cross, Golden Bantam, Kandy Korn, Luther Hill, Precocious; container 3′ wide x 1′ deep; 3 per container to ensure pollination.
  • Cress: Curly Cress, Upland Cress; container 8″ wide x 6-8″ deep.
  • Cucumber: Burpee Hybrid II, Burpee Pickler, Bush Baby, Bush Champion, Bush Crop, Bush Pickle, Fanfare, Patio Pik, Pickalot, Picklebush, Pot Luck, Salad Bush, Spacemaster. Pickling: Lucky Strike; container 1′ wide x 16″ deep.
  • Edible Flowers: Bachelor’s Button, Calendula, Dianthus, Marigold, Nasturtium, Sunflower, Violas; container
  • Eggplant: Bambino, Black Beauty, Dusky, Easter Egg, Florida Market, Long Tom, Millionaire, Morden Midget; container 16″ deep x 18″ deep.
  • Endive: Bianca Riccia, Nataly, Neos; container 8-10″ deep.
  • Herbs: Basil, Borage, Chamomile, Chives, Cilantro, Dill, Fennel, Hyssop, Lemongrass, Lemon Verbena, Marjoram, Mint, Oregano, Rosemary, Sage, Savory, Shiso, Tarragon, Thyme; container 8-10″ deep.
  • Horseradish: Maliner Kren; container 5-gallon tub – 3′ deep.
  • Kale: Any variety; container 8″ wide x 8″ deep.
  • Kohlrabi: Grand Duke; container 12″ deep.
  • Leeks: King Richard, Lincoln; container 10-12″ deep.
  • Lettuce: Black-Seeded Simpson, Buttercrunch, Cos, Green Ice, Green Looseleaf, Little Gem, Mignonette, Oakleaf Red Sails, Red Fire, Red Looseleaf, Salad Bowl, Tom Thumb; container 8″ wide x 6-8″ deep.
  • Mustard: Green Wave, Osaka Purple, Red Giant; container 8-12″ deep.
  • Onion: Bunching types: Beltsville Bunching, Crystal Wad Pickling, Japanese Bunching, White Bunching, White Pear. Standards: Copra, Early Yellow Globe, South Redport; container 10-12″ deep.
  • Parsley: Dark Moss Curled, Paramount; container 8″ deep.
  • Peas: Burpee’s Blue Bantam, Early Patio, Laxton’s Progress, Little Marvel, Melting Sugar, Snowbird, Sugar Ann, Sugar Bon, Sugar Daddy, Sugar Mel, Sugar Rae. Snow Peas: Little Sweetie; container 1′ deep x 1′ wide.
  • Peppers: All varieties: Canapé, Jalapeno, Jingle Bells, Keystone, Peppery Pot, Pimento, Resistant Giant, Red Cherry, Yolo Wonder; container 16″ deep x 18″ deep.
  • Potatoes: Charlotte, Cobbler, Irish, Epicure, Kennebec, Red Pontiac, Rose Finn Apple, Russian Banana, Yukon Gold; container
  • Pumpkins: Autumn Gold Hybrid, Baby Boo, Baby Bear, Bushkin, Jack Be Little, Small Sugar, Sweetie Pie; container 24″ deep.
  • Radicchio: Chioggia Red Preco, Fiero, Indigo, Pall de Fuoco Rossa; Daikon; container 8″ wide x 6-8″ deep.
  • Radish: Burpee White, Champion, Cherry Belle, Comet, Icicle, Early Scarlet Globe, French Breakfast, Red Boy, Sparkler; container 5″ wide x 4-6 inches deep.
  • Spinach: Any variety: American Viking, Long Standing Bloomsdale, Melody; container 6-8″ wide x 4-6″ deep.
  • Summer squash: Crookneck, Early Yellow Summer, Eightball, Gold Rush, Goldberg, Park’s Creamy Hybrid, Peter Pan Scalloping, Pic-N-Pic Hybrid, Richgreen Hybrid, Straightneck, Sunburst, Zephyr; container 24″ deep.
  • Winter squash: Butterbush, Bush Acorn, Bush Delicata, Bush Table, Cream of the Crop, Table King, Queen Heart of Gold; container 24″ deep.
  • Strawberries: Alpine, Sarian, Tristar; container 8-12″ deep.
  • Sweet potato: Beauregard, Georgia Jet, Vardaman; container 20 gallons.
  • Tomatoes: Basket Pak, Container Choice, Gardener’s Delight, Husky Gold, Husky Red, Lunch Box, Micro-Tom, Patio VF, Pixie, Red Cherry, Rutgers, Saladette, Small Fry VFN, Spring Giant, Sundrop, Super Bush, Sweet 100, Tiny Tim, Toy Boy, Tumbling Tom, Yellow Canary, Yellow Pear, Whippersnapper; container dwarf cultivars: 6-8″ wide x 1′ deep, standard cultivars: 2′ wide x 2-3′ deep.
  • Turnip: Hakurei, Purple Top White Globe; container 10-12″ wide x 12″ deep.

Dwarf and miniature vegetable varieties

Miniature, midget, and dwarf vegetables are good selections for container growing. True dwarf varieties at full maturity have edible parts that are smaller in size than ordinary vegetable varieties and cultivars. Miniatures, midgets, and dwarfs differ from vegetables that are sold as “baby” vegetables–those are generally full-sized cultivars picked before maturity. Baby corn, for example, is most often ordinary corn harvested early just as the silk emerges from the husks.

Dwarf and miniatures require little above-soil growing space and are well suited for containers. But because the plants and fruits are smaller, these crops can not be expected to perform the kitchen duties or full-sized varieties. Consider dwarfs and midgets for side dishes or stir-fries.

As for growing miniature vegetables, apart from spacing and often early harvest, normal growing practices apply. Miniature vegetables have the same soil, water, nutrient, and light requirements as ordinary varieties.

Miniature vegetable variety Days to harvest Description
 BEANS  5-gallon container, 10″ apart
 Dwarf Bees  80  18- to 24-inch runner
 Thorogreen  68  18-inch tall Lima
 BEETS  Two to 3 inches apart
 Burpee’s Gold Beet  55  1-inch diameter
 5-gallon container, 3 plants per  54  Golf-ball size
 Spinel  52  1½-inch round
 Chioggia  55  Italian heirloom
 CABBAGE  5-gallon container per plant
 Baby Head  72  2½-inch heads
 Modern Dwarf  65  4-inch heads
 CANTALOUPE  Gladiator
 Early Sugar Midget  60  Medium vine
 Midget Muskmelon  60  3-foot vines
 Minnesota Midget  63  4-inch melons
 Short ‘n Sweet  62  Bushy
 CARROTS  One to 2 inches apart
 Bunny Bite  65  1½ inch root
 Little Finger  65  Cylindrical
 Short ‘n Sweet  68  4-inch roots taper
 Thumbelina  60  Bite-size
 Tiny Sweet  65  3-inch roots
 CORN  5-gallon container, 15″ apart
 Baby Asian  65  4-5 inches ears
 Faribo Golden Midget  60  30-inch plants
 Golden Midget  60  2- to 3-foot stalks
 Golden Miniature  54  5-inch ears
 CUCUMBER  5 gallon container, 15″ apart
 Baby Cucumber  52  Bushy vine, early
 Bush Whopper  55  No runners
 Little Minnie  52  Bushes to 2 feet
 Midget  50  2-foot vines, early
 Patio Pik  55  Slicer for baskets
 Pot Luck  56  18- to 24-inch plant
 EGGPLANT  6- to 8-inch-long fruit
 Early Black Egg  65  5-inch fruit, tender
 Easter Egg  65  2-3 inches long
 Little Fingers  68  Bush, the earliest fruit
 Morden Midget  65  5-gallon container per plant
 Nagaoka New Kissin  65  4-inch fruit, early
 Ornamental White  60  Early, 2-inch fruits
 Purple Pickling  70  Tiny eggplants
 Slim Jim  65  Pickling, very small
 LETTUCE  Four to 10 inches apart
 Midget  55  Buttercrunch
 Sweet Midget Cos  60  5 inches tall, upright
 Tom Thumb  65  Tennis-ball size, Buttercrunch
 ONIONS  Two to three inches apart
 Barletta  70  Small, round pickling
 Quicksilver  70  Small pearl
 Silver Queen  70  Small pearl
 PEAS  Two inches apart
 American Wonder  61  12-inch plants, early
 Greater Progress  62  18-inch vine
 POTATOES  Six to 8 inches apart
 Ladyfinger  80  4- to 5-inches long
 PUMPKINS  Pick golf-ball-sized, compact growth
 Jack-Be-Little  90  3 inches across
 Mini-Jack  90  3- to 4-inch fruit
 Wee-B-Little  85  2- to 4-inch fruit
 SQUASH-SUMMER  Twelve to 20 inches apart
 Benning’s Green Tint  50  Scallop squash
 Cousa  50  Lebanese, 4 inches long
 SQUASH-WINTER  Twelve to 20 inches apart
 Jersey Golden Acorn  50  5-gallon container per plant
 TOMATOES  5-gallon container, 12″ apart
 Droplet  65  Determinate, abundant
 Early Salad  45  6- to 8-inches
 Patio  70  15- to 30-inches, early
 Pixie  50  24-inch vine
 Presto  60  Long season, early
 Pretty Patio  70  30 inches tall, abundant
 Red Cushion  65  18 inches high, cherry
 Salad Top  50  18 inches high
 Small Fry  60  Heavy cropper, early
 Stoke’s Alaska  55  18-inch bush, early
 Tiny Tim  50  15-inch vine, early
 Toy Boy  60  2 feet tall, early
 Tumblin’ Tom  55  20- to 24-inch vine
 WATERMELON  5 gallon container, 12″ apart
 Burpee Sugar Bush  80  6-8 pounds
 Family Fun  88  Slightly oblong
 Golden Midget  65  8 inches round
 Lollipop  70  3-5 pounds
 Market Midget  69  3-5 pounds, sweet
 New Hampshire Midget  68  7 inches in diameter, short season
 Petite Sweet  65  8 pounds, extra sugar
 Sugar Baby  80  8 inches in diameter, sweet
 Sugar Ball  65  12-15 pounds, multi-fruit
 Sugar Doll  72  8-10 pounds, sweet
 Sugar Lumps  78  8-9 inches in diameter
 Yellow Doll  68  3-5 pounds
 You Sweet Thing  70  12-13 pounds, round, striped

Spacing crops in containers

Giving a vegetable plant the space it needs to mature is essential. Proper spacing ensures that roots do not compete for moisture and nutrients and that above-ground growth is not crowded and has needed exposure to light and good air circulation (essential for preventing disease).

Leafy and root crops can be started in containers by spreading seed but once plants have grown to an inch or two tall (2.5-5 cm) they should be thinned. Fruiting crops—such as tomatoes and peppers—are best started in small 3 or 4-inch (7-10 cm) pots and later transplanted to larger containers.

Suggested minimum space between plants growing to maturity in the container:

  • Artichokes: Plant singly; 10 gallons (38L) soil per plant
  • Beans: 3-9 inches (7.5-23 cm) apart
  • Beets: 2-3 inches (5-23 cm) apart
  • Broccoli: 10 inches (25 cm) apart; 5 gallons (19L) of soil per plant
  • Brussels sprouts: 10 inches (25 cm) apart; 5 gallons (19L) of soil per plant
  • Cabbage: 10 inches (25 cm) apart; 5 gallons (19L) of soil per plant
  • Carrots: 1-2 inches (2.5-5 cm) apart; container 6 to 8 inches (15-20 cm) deep
  • Cauliflower: 12 inches (30 cm) apart; 5 gallons (19L) of soil per plant
  • Eggplant: 15 inches (38 cm) apart; 5 gallons (19L) of soil per plant
  • Kale: Thin to 16 inches (41 cm) apart
  • Lettuce: 4-10 (10-25 cm) inches apart
  • Melons: 15 inches apart; 5 gallon (19L) soil per plant
  • Mustard greens: Thin to 4 inches (10 cm) apart
  • Okra: 20 inches apart; 5-10 gallons (19-38L) soil per plant
  • Onions: 2-3 inches (5-7.6 cm) apart
  • Peas: 2 inches (5 cm) apart
  • Peppers: 8 inches (20 cm) apart; 2½ gallon (9.4L) soil per plant
  • Potatoes: 6 inches (15 cm) apart
  • Radishes: 1 inch (2.5 cm) apart
  • Rhubarb: 12 inches (30 cm) apart; 5 gallon (19L) soil per plant
  • Rutabagas: 2 inches (5 cm) apart
  • Spinach: Thin to 5 inches (13 cm) apart
  • Squash: 12-20 inches apart; 5 gallons (19L) of soil per plant
  • Swiss chard: Thin to 8 inches (20 cm) apart
  • Tomatoes: ½-5 gallon (2-19L)soil per plant depending on the variety
  • Turnips: 6 inches (15 cm) apart

When to plant vegetables in containers

Success in growing vegetables is all about timing—in the garden or in containers.

The temperature has much to do with success growing in containers. Root vegetables are cool-season crops. Leaf and stem crops prefer cool weather. Warm temperatures—and longer days—are needed for fruiting vegetables to grow and mature.

Knowing the average last frost date in spring and the average first frost date in fall will help you plan when to sow seed or set out starts or seedlings—those dates help define the cool-weather crop season and the warm-weather crop season. Mark your calendar with the frost dates, then schedule your planting and harvest. Each crop may have a different start and end date, but a simple calendar will help you keep the garden running smoothly—planting and harvesting.

To make sure you have plenty of time for fruiting crops such as tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, and melons to ripen, you may want to jump-start the season by starting seeds indoors before the last frost.

Container planting and harvest times

Here are suggested seed sowing and harvest times for crops you can grow in containers on a patio, balcony, or rooftop.

  • Asian Greens: Plants prefer to grow in cool weather; sow seed in early spring and again in late summer. Some can grow inside during winter under lights or in a windowsill; keep temperatures below 70°F (21°C). Most Asian vegetables require 30 to 50 days to reach harvest—depending on the variety.
  • Asparagus: Start with one-year-old plants from a nursery (sold as roots in late winter). Plant roots as soon as the danger of frost is past. Harvest comes in the second year after planting; the plant can remain productive for 20 years.
  • Beets: From seed, the crop is ready in 8 to 10 weeks; time sowing so that harvest is complete before or well after the summer heat.
  • Beans: Sow seeds in late spring and early summer; beans are cold-sensitive and should not be planted until after the last expected frost. Beans are ready in 60 to 70 days.
  • Broccoli: Grow broccoli from seedlings. In cold-winter regions, starts can go into the garden two weeks before the last expected frost. Put in a second planting in midsummer for fall harvest. In mild-winter regions, set out starts from early fall through late winter. Time planting so that the crop matures before it becomes really hot. Broccoli is ready to harvest in 8 to 10 weeks.
  • Brussels sprouts: Start from seedlings. Brussels sprouts require four to five months of cool weather to mature or a summer temperature of 65°F (18°C) or less. In hot summer regions start in early summer to mature in cool fall weather. Brussels sprouts are ready for harvest in 2 to 3 months.
  • Cabbage: Late winter and early spring plantings should be timed to reach maturity before the arrival of hot summer days. Start crops for fall and winter harvest in mid-summer. Cabbage is ready for harvest in 60 to 110 days depending upon the variety.
  • Carrots: Start in spring about the time of the last frost and continue until 60 days before the first frost in fall; with ample moisture, they can be grown in the summer heat. Provide shade where exceptionally hot. Carrots mature in 8 to 12 weeks depending on the variety.
  • Cauliflower: Bring cauliflower to harvest in cool weather. From seed to harvest allow 12 weeks; from starts to harvest allow six to eight weeks. In cool spring and early summer regions, start plants in late winter or early spring. In warm spring and summer regions, start from seedlings in mid-summer for a fall harvest.
  • Celery: Seeds are very slow to germinate so it’s easier to start with seedlings from the garden center. In mild-winter regions, grow celery for winter harvest. In warm-summer regions, plant celery in late summer for fall harvest. Celery is ready for cutting 16 to 18 weeks after sowing.
  • Collards: Sow seed in early spring and summer. From seed to harvest allow eight or nine weeks.
  • Corn: Sow seed in late spring after frost danger is past or set out starts two weeks after the last frost; in mild winter regions sow in late summer for a fall crop. Corn is usually ready 65 to 80 days after sowing.
  • Cucumbers: Sow after temperatures rise to a constant 60°F (15°C) Make a second sowing one month later. Cucumbers are ready to harvest 50 to 60 days after sowing.
  • Eggplant: Start with young plants from a nursery or by seed sown indoors at least two months before you plan to transfer them to outdoor containers. Eggplants are ready for harvest 60 to 75 days after sowing—if days and night temperatures stay consistently warm, 70°F (21°C).
  • Garlic: Sow cloves in the fall to harvest large bulbs the following summer. In cold-winter regions protect the crop from freezing by covering and insulating the container.
  • Horseradish: Start with root cuttings from established plants after the danger of frost has passed. Horseradish is a perennial; protect the container from freezing in winter.
  • Jicama: Start seeds indoors for three months before setting it out in a container after the danger of frost has passed. Jicama requires three months of warm temperatures to reach harvest.
  • Kale: If summers are cool with an average daytime temperature of 75°F (24°C) or less sow in spring, otherwise sow in midsummer to grow in the cool of fall. Frost improves the flavor. Kale is ready for harvest in 55 days.
  • Leeks: Sow indoors at least two months before the last frost. Starts that are 8 inches/ 20 cm tall can be set out in containers from early to mid-summer and can grow for up to 3 months.
  • Lettuce: Sow seed in succession from early spring to fall; seed germinates rapidly but starts can be planted where time is short. Allow 50 to 70 days from seed sowing to harvest.
  • Melons: Start seed indoors for 4 to 6 weeks before setting them out in a container. Seed can be planted outdoors after the weather warms to 60°F (15°C). Cantaloupes, honeydews, and watermelons require at least 70 days to come to harvest.
  • Okra: Okra loves warm weather; sow seed after nighttime temperatures average 65°F (18°C). Allow 55 days to harvest.
  • Onions: Plant onion sets or seeds in early spring and make successive sowing. Grow for stems in cool weather—below 70°F (21°C)–for bulbs in warm weather. Bulb onions are ready to harvest in 100 to 110 days; shallots are ready to harvest in 60 to 70 days.
  • Peas: Start seed indoors or sow outdoors three weeks before the last expected frost. Fall sowing is recommended for areas with mild winters. Peas are ready for harvest in 55 to 70 days.
  • Peppers: Sow seed indoors eight weeks before you plan to set plants out; set out transplants after average temperatures reach 60°F (15°C). Sweet peppers are ready for harvest in 70 days; hot peppers require 60 to 100 days depending on the variety.
  • Potatoes: Sow seed potatoes in early spring; potatoes are cold tolerant so you can plant them before frost has passed. In mild-winter areas plant potatoes in mid-summer for a winter harvest. Potatoes are ready between 75 and 130 days to harvest.
  • Pumpkins: Sow seeds in the container after the danger of frost has passed or set out starts two or three weeks after the last frost. Most varieties require 100 days or more from sowing to harvest.
  • Radishes: Sow radishes indoors anytime during the year; outdoors avoid growing in midsummer and sow the last outdoor crop three to four weeks before the last killing frost. Harvest in 25 to 50 days depending on variety.
  • Rutabaga: Crop will mature from seed in three months; time sowing so that harvest comes before or after the summer heat.
  • Spinach: Sow seed in early spring and early fall for windowsill and outdoor containers. Make successive plantings ten days apart. Temperatures in the 80°sF (26°C) will cause the crop to bolt. Spinach requires 45 to 50 days from sowing to harvest.
  • Squash: Sow seed indoors three to four weeks before the last expected frost; set plants out two weeks after all danger of frost has passed. In warm-winter areas start seed in late summer or set out transplants for fall harvest. Zucchini and other summer squashes require 40 to 45 days to reach harvest from sowing; winter squashes require 70 to 100 days depending on the variety.
  • Sweet Potatoes: Start from slips outdoors after all danger of frost has passed. The crop requires 100 to 120 days to reach harvest.
  • Swiss Chard: Sow in containers year round except where winters are harsh, then sow in late spring. From seed to harvest allow 55 days.
  • Tomatillo: Sow seeds indoors a month before the last expected frost. Set out plants two weeks after all danger of frost has passed. From sowing to harvest allow 85 days.
  • Tomatoes: Transplant starts to outdoor containers about two weeks after the last frost. Start seed indoors 8 weeks before you plan to transplant to containers outdoors. Tomatoes require 55 to 100 days to reach harvest depending on the variety.
  • Turnips: Crop will mature from seed in two months; time sowing to mature crop before or after the summer heat.

Water, weeding, and care

Container plants almost never need weeding, but you will need to water them more frequently. Container soil should be moist to the touch, but never soggy: too much water rots roots. Water immediately after planting to wash potting mix from the foliage, after that, use a watering can with a fine-rose nozzle to water so as not to disturb the planting mix. (If watering indoors, use a kitchen measuring cup.) Another technique is to water from below, by placing the pot in a watering tray and allowing the water to wick up into the pot for an hour or two. It’s best to water early or late in the day so that the rays of the sun do not damage wet leaves. In warm weather be sure to check your containers every day to make sure they are not dry. Water whenever the soil is dry to a depth of 1 inch. Don’t let containers dry out; that will interrupt quick growth which is essential to container vegetable gardening and can cause plants to drop blossoms and fruits.

Whenever you water look for weeds and remove them and trim away any dead leaves or debris and check for insect pests. Most insect pests can be stopped early with a spray of insecticidal soap–a light squeeze of dish soap in a spray bottle. Twice during the growing season give your container vegetables a feeding of compost tea; this should be enough to replenish the nutrients they draw from the soil. At the start of the next season, it’s best to begin again with fresh, nutrient-rich soil.

tomatoes in pots
Bush tomatoes in large pots

Care and feeding container vegetable garden crops

Vegetables growing in containers on patios, balconies, or rooftops require special care when it comes to watering and feeding.

Containers have a limited capacity for storing essential nutrients and moisture that ensure plant growth. The gardener must closely monitor container crops to be sure they are growing uninterrupted which, in turn, leads to the best yield and flavor.

Almost all growing crops demand even moisture—that means never letting the soil go completely dry and never overwatering leaving the potting mix soggy. A compost-rich potting mix may supply nearly all the nutrients a crop will need over the length of a season—but feeding with an organic fertilizer may be necessary where containers are small or multiple plants are growing (nutrients are essential).

Use a moisture meter to monitor watering if you have any doubts about how wet or dry your containers are. All garden centers and nurseries will have both dry and liquid organic fertilizers. Ask which fertilizer they recommend and then follow the label directions carefully; it’s always safer to under-fertilize than over-fertilize.

Here are care and feeding suggestions for vegetable growing in containers on a patio, balcony, or rooftop.

  • Asparagus: Water every five to seven days during the summer and feed twice a year (early spring and late summer) with a complete liquid fertilizer diluted to half strength. When the leaves begin to brown in autumn cut stems to soil level.
  • Beets: Keep the soil just moist throughout the growing season (never over water). Thin seedlings when they are 6 inches tall to stand 3 to 4 inches apart. After thinning, feed once with a complete liquid fertilizer diluted to half strength. Don’t let the soil crust–gently cultivate with a trowel or hand cultivator.
  • Beans: Keep the soil just moist as plants develop. Later water deeply. Once plants are a foot tall (30 cm) high, thin to strongest plants and feed keepers with a complete liquid fertilizer diluted to half strength. Feed a second time when pods begin to form.
  • Broccoli: Keep soil evenly moist. Feed with a complete fertilizer at full strength twice during the growing season—first when plants are about 8 inches tall and again before heads begin to form. Broccoli is heat sensitive and will bolt and flower when temperatures get into the high 70°Fs (21°C).
  • Brussels sprouts: Keep the soil evenly moist water; don’t let it dry out. Feed when sprouts are beginning to form with a complete liquid fertilizer at half strength. As the sprouts begin to cluster, twist off the leaves beneath to transfer growing energy to form more sprouts.
  • Cabbage: Keep the soil evenly moist; it must not dry out. Once transplants are established, feed every three weeks until heads begin to form; use high nitrogen, high potassium fertilizer diluted to half strength. Keep soil mounded around the base of the plant to encourage new root development; this will stabilize the plant and hasten maturity.
  • Carrots: Keep the soil just moist until harvest. Thin seedlings as they grow to 2 inches between the strongest plants. Feed after the final thinning with a complete liquid fertilizer diluted to half strength; feed again two to three weeks before harvest.
  • Cauliflower: Keep the soil evenly moist. The most common problem encountered when growing cauliflower is its failure to set heads. This can be caused by uneven watering or the soil going dry during a heat wave. Feed plants when well-established with a complete fertilizer diluted to half strength and again as curds form. When a head forms, tie the outer leaves up over the head with twine. This will protect the head from the sun and help the curd to blanch.
  • Celery: Celery is a bog plant that requires ample, consistent water to thrive. Feed with complete fertilizer diluted to half strength every two weeks. Keep soil mounded up around the base of each plant to stabilize upright growth. Blanch celery quickly by covering the stalks (leaving the top leaves exposed) with a paper bag or opaque plastic seven to ten days before harvest.
  • Collards: Keep the soil evenly moist. Mist leaves on hot, dry days. Feed with high nitrogen, and high potassium fertilizer at full strength twice during the growing season.
  • Corn: Corn requires eight hours of sun each day to produce the best crop. If full sun is an issue, look for a hybrid suited to your region. Thin plants to 12 inches (30 cm) apart as they mature. Keep the soil evenly moist; don’t let it dry out especially when the weather is hot and dry. Feed with a 5-10-10 fertilizer at full strength every three weeks.
  • Cucumbers: Keep the soil evenly moist. Keep the potting mix warm; use black plastic mulch until the weather heats up then switch to aluminum foil; this reflects heat and light under the foliage which discourages aphids. Feed with a high phosphorus fertilizer diluted to half strength when the plant begins to flower and then every other week until harvest.
  • Eggplant: Keep the soil evenly moist throughout the growing season; do not let the soil dry out. Feed monthly with a complete fertilizer diluted to half strength. Keep plants in a warm, sunny location. Protect plants on cool nights by covering them with a light plant blanket; cool weather stunts growth and reduces yield.
  • Garlic: Keep the soil just moist—not wet. As plants mature make sure containers are in a warm, sunny location.
  • Horseradish: Keep the soil mix evenly moist. Feed once during the season with a complete fertilizer at full strength.
  • Jicama: Keep the plant in a sunny location for at least six hours each day. Keep the soil evenly moist–never soggy. Feed with a 10-10-10 liquid fertilizer at full strength once during the growing season.
  • Kale: Keep the soil just moist. Thin plant to 8 inches (20 cm) apart. Feed with high nitrogen, and high potassium fertilizer at full strength twice during the growing season.
  • Leeks: Keep the soil evenly moist–never soggy, which can cause rot. Cool weather will not hurt plants. Blanch leeks by setting a section of 2-inch-diameter opaque plastic tubing or pipe over each one when the stems begin to thicken (mounding with soil is not practical in containers).
  • Lettuce: Keep the soil evenly moist but not wet until heads form—too much water can cause rot or head varieties to crack. Feed lightly every two weeks with a complete liquid fertilizer diluted to half-strength. Hot weather can cause non-bolt-resistant varieties to flower. Protect plants from the hot sun with shade cloth.
  • Melons: Keep the soil evenly moist; do not let it dry out but be careful not to overwater; overwatering can cause fruit to crack and may reduce sugar content. Keep foliage dry to avoid fungal diseases. Add slow-release 10-10-10 fertilizer into the soil after vines flower; side dress with water-soluble fertilizer a couple of weeks before the first harvest. Melons thrive in warm temperatures. If the weather cools or in short-season regions keep the soil mix warm by covering it with black plastic and positioning containers in direct sun all day. Allow vines to trail or train vines to a trellis if the container is heavy and will not tip. Support trellised melons with netting.
  • Okra: Okra grows best in warm weather; sow seed after nighttime temperatures average 65°F (18°C). Keep the soil just moist—never wet.
  • Onions: Keep the soil evenly moist throughout the growing season to ensure good bulb development—but don’t overwater which can cause rot. Onions are heavy feeders and should be given a 5-10-10 liquid fertilizer at full strength twice a month.
  • Peas: Keep the soil barely moist. Thin seedlings to 3 inches apart and train climbing types on string netting or wooden trellises when tendrils appear. Feed twice during the growing season with a low nitrogen 5-10-10 liquid fertilizer diluted to half strength (too much nitrogen will stimulate leafy growth at the expense of the pods).
  • Peppers: Keep the soil evenly moist but not wet throughout the season and particularly during fruit development. Feed with a complete fertilizer diluted to half strength when plants are well established and once more just before blossoms open. Peppers grow best when night temperatures do not dip below 68°F (20°C) at night and stay between 75-80°F (24-26°C) during the day. Use a floating row cover or shade cloth to protect the fruit from sunscald if the weather turns hot (over 90°F/ 32°C).
  • Potatoes: Grow potatoes in a sunny location. Keep the soil evenly moist; drought and drench cycles create deformed tubers.
  • Pumpkins: Keep the soil evenly moist and do not let it dry out for best fruit development. Avoid wetting leaves which can lead to fungal diseases. Feed after blooming with a 10-10-10 fertilizer at full strength.
  • Radishes: Keep the soil evenly; do not let it dry out—but don’t let it get soggy. Thin to strongest seedlings, 3 inches apart. Feed with a 10-10-10 liquid fertilizer, diluted to half strength. One feeding per crop is all that is needed.
  • Rutabaga: Keep soil evenly moist throughout the growing season. Thin established seedlings 6 to 8 inches (15-20 cm) apart. Feed one week after thinning and again three weeks after thinning—with a complete liquid fertilizer diluted to half strength.
  • Spinach: Keep soil evenly moist throughout the growing season. Once plants are well-established begin feeding with a high nitrogen fertilizer diluted to half strength every two weeks. When plants are 3 to 4 inches (7-10 cm) tall, and thin so the remaining seedlings are 6 inches (15 cm) apart.
  • Squash: Keep potting mix evenly moist; keep water off foliage that is susceptible to mildew. Grow squash in a bright sunny place for the best yield. Place black plastic sheeting around the base of plants early in the season to conserve moisture and warm plants; later use aluminum foil to conserve moisture and repel insects with bright reflected light under leaves. Feed with a 10-10-10 fertilizer after fruit sets.
  • Sweet Potatoes: Once transplants are established, keep the potting mix just moist—never wet. A month after setting in slips, sprinkle a 10-10-10 slow-release fertilizer into the soil avoiding contact with the stems.
  • Swiss Chard: Keep the soil evenly moist throughout the growing season; too little water will cause the leaves to be stiff and coarse. Thin seedlings when 2 to 3 inches (5-7 cm) tall to 6 inches (15 cm) apart. Feed with a complete liquid fertilizer every two weeks once plants are established.
  • Tomatillo: Be sure plants get a full day of direct sun. Keep the potting mix just moist throughout the growing season.
  • Tomatoes: Keep the soil just moist throughout the growing season; do not let it go dry out and do not overwater (a dry-wet cycle can cause cracking or blossom-end rot). Feed with low nitrogen, high phosphorus food once a month while fruits are developing. Just before harvest stop feeding. Plants sheltered from the wind should get a gentle shake during flowering (this will help ensure pollen drop from the anther onto the stigma—the tomato has a complete flower that self-pollinates).
  • Turnips: Keep soil evenly moist throughout the growing season. Thin established seedlings 6 to 8 inches (15-20 cm) apart. Feed one week after thinning and again three weeks after thinning—with a complete liquid fertilizer diluted to half strength.

Water-wise crops for containers

Crops that are relatively drought tolerant are best for containers or gardens where water is not easily accessible. Water-wise crops are a good choice for balconies, rooftops, and patios.

All crops need water to grow—especially when first planted and until they are well-established. The best course is to keep the soil just moist—not too wet and not dry whenever possible.

Water pots less than 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter from above; use a 1-quart kitchen measuring cup. Large pots can be watered with a plastic pail, watering can, or a gentle stream from a hose.

Let the soil in a pot or container dry out to 1 inch (2.5 cm) deep before watering again. Infrequent watering is better than watering too often but never let the soil in a container go completely dry.

If you have a large number of pots, a drip irrigation system that hooks up to a faucet or spigot may be the most efficient course.

Water-wise crops include:

  • Artichokes
  • Beets
  • Carrots
  • Chard
  • Garlic
  • Herbs—bay, lemon verbena, oregano, rosemary, sage, thyme
  • Kale
  • Peas
  • Scallions
  • Spinach

Where water is scarce or not easily accessible, avoid these very thirsty crops: potatoes, strawberries, tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, cucumbers, and zucchini.

Planting combinations

You don’t have to grow just one vegetable in a container. Edible flowers such as pot marigolds and violas can be grown with lettuce. Grow leaf lettuce with parsley, chives, and coriander. Lettuce, onions, beets, and garlic can be grown in a large container with broad beans. Small-fruiting peppers such as ‘Tabasco’ or ‘Serrano’ will make a colorful patio container. Grow tomatoes and basil or thyme together. Ruby chard in its own pot is a colorful accent for any deck.

Strawberries in half barrel
Growing strawberries in a half barrel

Keep your container  garden growing

For an extended harvest, make small sowings of different vegetables every three to four weeks during the growing season. Leafy crops can be harvested cut and come again every couple of weeks. To extend the tomato harvest plant two patio varieties a month apart. When the weather turns cold, your container crops can be moved to a warmer location or you can use large clear plastic bags draped over wire frames to form mini-greenhouses that will keep plants growing several weeks after the first frost in autumn. Most vegetables will not grow in the house over the winter; they require a special combination of heat, sunshine, and humidity that is best found in a greenhouse or cold frame. But herbs can be grown indoors over the winter. Expose herbs to gradually warmer temperatures on a porch or in the garage before bringing them into the house for the winter. Herbs can be placed in a sunny window to be enjoyed almost indefinitely.

Also of interest:

Windowsill Gardening

Garden Planning Books at Amazon:

The post Container Vegetable Gardening Guide appeared first on Harvest to Table.

Water Summit 2022: Silicon Valley panelists discuss solutions to ongoing drought crisis

A recent summit hosted by the Santa Clara Valley Water District brought together elected officials and organizations across the Bay Area to discuss solutions to statewide water problems as California experiences its third consecutive year of a severe drought emergency.

Water Summit 2022 focused on both short- and long-term solutions and mitigations to water shortages.

Aaron Baker, the chief operating officer for water utility at Valley Water, said such solutions are needed to help the region through the current drought.

For Valley Water, some of the solutions include conservation programs. The water district offers for scrapping lawns in favor of low water use and environmentally friendly options, and rebates to those irrigating with graywater diverted from laundry use. Landscaping rebates can reach up to $3,000 for residential sites and $100,000 for commercial, institutional or industrial sites, depending on the water use savings.

The water district also offers free conservation devices to single-family and multi-family homes and commercial properties.

“We have programs for every home and business in the county,” said Kirsten Struve, assistant officer for the water supply division at Valley Water.

The district has seen success with its conservation outreach, citing more than 1 million square feet of lawn that has been converted to more environmentally and drought friendly landscaping and that the organization now has 22 conservation programs operating.

Water be dammed

As the summit turned to more long-term solutions, Chris Hakes, the deputy operating officer for dam safety and capital delivery for Valley Water, discussed the Anderson Dam Seismic Retrofit Project.

Anderson Reservoir, the largest groundwater recharge reservoir for Valley Water, is undergoing a dam tunnel project as part of a federally mandated project to make the dam up to current safety standards. The project is expected to be completed in 2024.

Following the tunnel, the project will continue into future phases that include reconstructing the embankment and replacing the spillway, keeping the downstream Morgan Hill area safe. The project is expected to be completed by 2031 or 2032.

Ryan McCarter, the Pacheco project manager for Valley Water, also outlined another reservoir project that the organization believes could help with water storage to mitigate the shortages of a drought.

(Video courtesy of Santa Clara Valley Water District/YouTube)

McCarter said that the Pacheco Reservoir, located in southeast Santa Clara County, is going to be expanded and allow the county to double its capacity for storage. The project will move a new dam upstream and utilize an existing pipeline to bring water into the region.

While the project has already received more than $500 million from the state, Valley Water is continuing to look for grants and partnerships to fund the expansion of the Pacheco reservoir.

The project will allow the reservoir to hold enough water for 1.4 million people for one year, while also improve downstream habitats for 10 miles.

Pure intentions

Struve outlined the organization’s other major focus for long-term water solutions: purification.

The process involves purifying the water typically disposed into the Bay to be reused. Valley Water is looking into expanding purification plants, with the goal of using recycled water to cover 10 percent of water use in future years.

The project would involve a 20-mile pipeline connecting wastewater treatment plants with further purification centers and recharge systems.

Another challenge facing purification? Public perception. Valley Water asked attendees to voice their support for the project to others to try to change the perception of recycled water as dirty, given the intense purification system and modern technology involved.

Other speakers at the summit also focused on the importance of hiring workers to the water industry with diversity and inclusion in mind, including through a focus on students from historically Black colleges and universities through a partnership with the Silicon Valley Leadership Group.

Valley Water Board of Directors chair pro tem John Varela ended the summit by calling on all to spread the message that social justice, water recycling and water conservation are essential to California making it through droughts.

The post Water Summit 2022: Silicon Valley panelists discuss solutions to ongoing drought crisis appeared first on Local News Matters.

Dish: pineapple rum cake

Pineapple Rum Cake
Cake
2 1/2 mugs versatile flour
1 1/2 tsps cooking powder
1 tsp cooking soft drink
1/2 tsp salt
1/4 tsp ground nutmeg
3/4 mug butter or margarine softened
1 1/2 mugs granulated sugar
3 huge eggs
1 can smashed pineapple in juice
3/4 mug buttermilk
1/4 mug dark rum or pineapple juice
1 mug pineapple dental filling

Garnish
1/4 mug light whipping cream
6 pecan fifty percents, toasted
6 pineapple pieces

Preheat stove to 350 levels F. Grease 3 9-inch round cake frying pans. Line bases with wax paper; oil the paper. Dirt frying pans with flour, touching out any kind of extra.

In tool dish, incorporate flour, cooking powder, cooking salt, nutmeg and also soft drink; mix well.

In huge dish, utilizing an electrical mixer established on tool rate, defeated butter till cosy. Mix in pineapple with juice.

Cook the layers up until wood choices put in facilities come out tidy, concerning 25 mins. Run a blade around side of layers. Invert layers onto cable shelfs; great entirely.

Setting up the cake:

Get rid of wax paper from cake layers. Utilize a toothpick to jab numerous openings in 2 cake layers; brush with rum. Leading with continuing to be cake layer.

Offers 12.

Preheat stove to 350 levels F. Grease 3 9-inch round cake frying pans. Get rid of wax paper from cake layers. Utilize a toothpick to jab a number of openings in 2 cake layers; brush with rum. Leading with staying cake layer. Spoon whipped lotion right into a bread bag fitted with a celebrity suggestion; pipeline a ring of whipped lotion on top of the cake.

Chayanne Releases New Tropical Single “Bailando Bachata”

Chayanne is in a bachata state of mind…

The 54-year-old Puerto Rican Latin pop singer and actor has returned to tropical music with “Bailando Bachata,” the third single from his highly-anticipated new album which debuts on Thursday, May 25 at 8:00 pm ET via Sony Music Latin.

Chayanne’s new single follows the previously released tracks:

reggaeton-pop single “Tú y Yo” and ballad “Te Amo y Punto.”

“I love the genre,” Chayanne told Billboard Español ahead of the bachata single’s premiere, noting that he has visited Santo Domingo countless times and that “anywhere in the world, when they play Caribbean music like salsa, merengue, bachata, one enjoys dancing to it very closely, so I am very excited.”

“How lucky I am that I can see you when I wake up every day/ And when I travel I miss you/ I have your photograph in my wallet”, begins the romantic Spanish-language song, co-written by Chayanne, Yasmil Marrufo, Andy Clay Cruz Felipe and Mario Alberto Cáceres Pacheco. “We are like the glass and the wine/ We go together since the moment we saw each other,” says part of the chorus.

Just as romantic is the music video, directed by Katherine Díaz and produced by Guacamaya Films.

Set in the 1970s, the clip stars Venezuelan actress and model Veronica Schneider. Upon arriving home, she lies down to watch her favorite series — starring Chayanne, of course — when she notices that the artist can see her from the screen.

“When I’m on TV, beware, because I’m watching you!”, he warns Billboard Español with a laugh.

“Bailando Bachata” is not Chayanne’s first foray into bachata — he “flirted” with the genre almost a decade ago with his pop-fusion song “Bailando Dos Corazonas.”

The new song, he explains, “is something more faithful, more complete, which makes me very excited.”

The 3-minute track is part of his forthcoming eight-song album. When asked if he’ll include any regional Mexican music — a genre currently enjoying significant global success — Chayanne couldn’t contain himself and revealed eagerly: “Yes! That too!”

“I started flirting with a lot of rhythms without leaving the backbone of pop,” he said. “But yes, the Mexican regional, you guessed right. There is also a song of that genre and it is beautiful”.

As for the release of his highly anticipated new set — his first studio album since 2014’s En Todo Estaré, which reached No. 1 on Billboard‘s Top Latin Albums chart — he said that he finished recording and hopes to make an announcement very soon. “Right now we are mastering, so it’s a matter of setting a date,” he says.

The post Chayanne Releases New Tropical Single “Bailando Bachata” first appeared on Hispanically Yours.

WEEKLY WATER NEWS DIGEST for May 21-26: Voluntary agreements, Delta smelt study, Colorado River deal, DWR Audit, Pacheco Dam setback; and more … – MAVEN’S NOTEBOOK | Water news

A wrap-up of posts published on Maven’s Notebook this week …

Note to readers: Sign up for weekly email service and you will receive notification of this post on Friday mornings.  Readers on daily email service can add weekly email service by updating their subscription preferences. Click here to sign up!

This week’s featured articles …

FEATURE: Voluntary Agreements Could Make the Delta a Better Place for Fish—Provided They’re Done Properly

By Robin Meadows

The State Water Resources Control Board, which both allocates surface water rights and protects water quality for people and wildlife, is proposing a new approach to setting flow standards in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.

The Delta drains about 40 percent of California, including much of the Sierra Nevada, and supplies fresh water to two-thirds of the state’s population and millions of acres of farmland. This water hub is also home to hundreds of native species as well as a migratory corridor for salmon and birds.

Under the existing approach, the State Water Board establishes the Delta inflow and outflow standards designed to protect fish and wildlife. Under the new approach—called voluntary agreements—these Delta flows would be determined collaboratively by government agencies as well as by the local water agencies that supply users. …

To learn more about the Delta ISB’s assessment of the scientific underpinnings of voluntary agreements in the Delta, Robin Meadows spoke with Lisa Wainger, a University of Maryland environmental economist who chairs the Delta ISB.

SCIENCE SPOTLIGHT: New study looks at stressors that impact presence or absence of Delta smelt

At the April meeting of the Delta Stewardship Council, Delta Lead Scientist Dr. Laurel Larsen spotlighted a study funded by the Delta Stewardship Council, State Water Contractors, and the Department of Water Resources that leveraged decades of monitoring data to test competing hypotheses about how combinations of stressors impact the presence or absence of Delta smelt in locations throughout the Delta.

Native fish in the Delta have been dealing with many challenges, including loss of habitat, loss of flows, competition and predation by invasive species, diminished food supply, loss of turbidity that helps them evade predators, and entrainment in Delta pumps.

“Often the science community has grappled with these changes by trying to understand how varying amounts of any one of these stressors impacts one or more life stages of native fish species,” said Dr. Larsen.  “These studies contribute valuable information, but they often leave unanswered questions about how interactions between these stressors impact fish or about which are really driving the concerningly low levels of fish populations in the Delta.  For example, perhaps there is an apparent relationship between non-native predators and fish populations.  But if flows were higher, perhaps this relationship would have negligible importance.”

In California water news this week …

A breakthrough deal to keep the Colorado River from going dry, for now

“The Biden administration has negotiated a hard-fought agreement among California, Arizona and Nevada to take less water from the drought-strained Colorado River, a deal that reduces, for now, the risk of the river running dry below the Hoover Dam, which would jeopardize the water supply for Phoenix, Los Angeles and some of America’s most productive agricultural land.  The agreement, to be announced Monday, calls for the federal government to pay about $1.2 billion to irrigation districts, cities and Native American tribes in the three states if they temporarily use less water. The states have also agreed to make additional cuts beyond that amount to generate the total reductions needed to protect the collapse of the river.  Taken together, those reductions would amount to about 13 percent of the total water use in the lower Colorado Basin — among the most aggressive ever experienced in the region, and likely to require significant water restrictions for residential and agriculture uses. … ”  Read more from the New York Times (gift article).

Colorado River deal: What does it mean for California?

“After nearly a year of intense negotiations, California, Nevada and Arizona reached a historic agreement today to use less water from the overdrafted Colorado River over the next three years.   The states agreed to give up 3 million acre-feet of river water through 2026 — about 13% of the amount it receives. In exchange, farmers and other water users will receive compensation from the federal government.  The Biden administration has been pushing the states since last spring to reach an agreement to cut back on Colorado River water deliveries. The three-state deal is a historic step — but it is not final: The U.S. Interior Department must review the proposal. And everything will have to be renegotiated before the end of 2026.  In California, the agreement would mostly affect the water supplies of farmers in the Imperial Valley. Coming up with a plan to fairly cut water use has created tensions between farms and cities and between states, especially California and Arizona. … ”  Read more from Cal Matters.

How California averted painful water cuts and made a Colorado River deal

“For months, California officials led by Gov. Gavin Newsom felt like they were at the bottom of a multistate dogpile in the closely-watched staredown over water rights across the American West.  Newsom and his top environmental aides viewed century-old laws as favoring them. And they tried to convince other states that California had already sacrificed by slashing its use. But they were getting crushed not only in the P.R. war, but in the delicate discussions taking place between the various states behind closed doors.  That all changed in a dramatic way on Monday, when California went from the main villain over dwindling Colorado River supplies to something of a surprise beneficiary. The joint plan presented alongside Arizona and Nevada and roundly viewed as a victory by California officials — as well as environmentalists and business leaders alike — proposes to hold off a water crisis for at least three more years. … ”  Read more from Politico.

State Auditor: DWR’s forecasts do not adequately account for climate change and its reasons for some reservoir releases are unclear

“As directed by the Joint Legislative Audit Committee, my office conducted an audit of the Department of Water Resources and the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). Our assessment focused on DWR’s water supply forecasting and surface water management, and we determined that DWR has made only limited progress in accounting for the effects of climate change in its forecasts of the water supply and in its planning for the operation of the State Water Project. Until it makes more progress, DWR will be less prepared than it could be to effectively manage the State’s water resources in the face of more extreme climate conditions.  DWR is responsible for developing water supply forecasts that are important to both state and local efforts in managing California’s finite water resources. Despite acknowledging more than a decade ago that it needed to adopt a new forecasting method that better accounts for the effects of climate change, DWR has continued to rely heavily on historical climate data when developing its forecasts. In fact, in water year 2021, DWR significantly overestimated the State’s water supply—an error that DWR attributed to severe conditions due to climate change. … ”  Continue reading at the California State Auditor’s website.

California water manager ripped over poor climate change planning

“The California state auditor blasted the Department of Water Resources for failing to properly plan for climate change, and for a lack of transparency around water management decisions.  California has experienced increasingly extreme conditions including multiple droughts and floods. During drought emergencies, the state sometimes curtails water allocations due to forecasts that the water supply is too low to meet all water demands. State law requires the department to develop annual forecasts of seasonal water supply, including surface water from rain and snowfall runoff, which local agencies can rely on to determine the supply within a water year.   But State Auditor Grants Parks said in a report Thursday that the agency’s forecasts are unreliable due to outdated models, causing errors. Such errors can potentially lead to projects releasing more water from reservoirs or exporting less from the Sacramento Delta. … ”  Read more from the Courthouse News Service.

California Democrats sideline Gavin Newsom’s plan to build big things, faster

“Dealing a blow to Gov. Gavin Newsom, Democratic legislators today shot down his ambitious attempt to reform state environmental law and make it easier to build big infrastructure projects in California.  In a 3-0 vote, a Senate budget committee found Newsom’s package was too complex for last-minute consideration under legislative deadlines. The cutoff for bills to pass out of their house of origin is June 2, just two weeks after the governor rolled out his proposal to adjust the landmark California Environmental Quality Act.  The 10 bills include measures to streamline water, transportation and clean energy projects with an eye toward helping the state meet its climate goals. The proposals also took aim at an environmental law commonly referred to by the acronym CEQA that critics have long decried as a tool to bog down housing and other projects. … ”  Read more from Cal Matters.

Huge Santa Clara County dam project dealt another setback

“In the latest stumble for plans to build a massive $2.8 billion dam in Southern Santa Clara County near Pacheco Pass, a judge has ruled that the Santa Clara Valley Water District violated state environmental laws over the dam’s preliminary geological work.  The ruling could lead to further delays on the proposal to construct the largest new dam in the Bay Area since Los Vaqueros Reservoir in Contra Costa County was built in 1998.  The district, based in San Jose, wants to build a 320-foot-high earthen dam on the North Fork of Pacheco Creek in the rugged canyons about 2 miles north of Highway 152 near the border of Henry W. Coe State Park.  The idea is to take water the district now stores nearby in the massive San Luis Reservoir and pipe it to a new Pacheco reservoir, filling it during wet years.  But the project has faced major hurdles and may never be built. … ”  Read more from the San Jose Mercury News (gift article).

Delta Tunnel plan touted by Newsom gets push-back from Congress member

“California’s long-discussed “Delta tunnels” project is on the front-burner again.  Last week, Governor Gavin Newsom announced sweeping legislation that would fast-track infrastructure projects across the state. That announcement included the latest version of a tunnel project in the Delta, which would divert Sacramento River water and ultimately send it to Southern California.  Congressman Josh Harder, who represents the Stockton area and has been opposed to the Delta tunnels project for five years, is speaking out against the governor’s move. … CapRadio’s Mike Hagerty spoke with Harder to learn more about his effort to stop the Delta tunnel project. … ”  Read more from Capital Public Radio.

California urged to end water grab on Scott River

“The fight to maintain water levels in Northern California rivers for fish received a push after the Karuk tribe and the Pacific Coast Federation of Fisherman’s Associations filed a petition with the California Water Resources Control Board seeking to permanently enforce minimum flows on the Scott River.  Located in Siskiyou County, California, the Scott River is a 60-mile tributary of the Klamath River and home to several trout and salmon species, including some of the last Southern Oregon-Northern California coho salmon – a species listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1997.  “The fate of this population of coho salmon depends on whether or not we keep water in the Scott River,” said Karuk Tribe Council Member Troy Hockaday in a statement. “If we don’t act immediately, we could see this run of coho salmon disappear from the Earth in a few short years.”  … ”  Read more from the Courthouse News Service.

Scott Valley ranchers, tribal members, teachers ask Governor to rescind drought restrictions

“Today, residents of Scott Valley, a small rural community in far-northern California, sent a letter to Governor Gavin Newsom requesting that he rescind his 2021 drought proclamation for their area of the Klamath River basin. Now that drought has subsided in the area, locals are asking that the corresponding emergency drought regulations be lifted to prevent further damage to the area’s agriculture-based economy. The letter was signed by about 400 people, including members of the Shasta, Karuk, Yurok, and Pitt tribes, teachers, business owners, residents, and small family farmers and ranchers.  This past winter brought considerable relief in the form of rain and snow to the Scott River watershed, after three years of severe drought that prompted significant surface and ground water restrictions for the small family farms and ranches in the area. …  Yet despite this good water year, Scott Valley farmers and ranchers are, like last year, facing 30 percent reductions in groundwater use and possible limits on livestock water intake. … ”

Click here to read the full press release.

Shasta dam sits at the center of California’s water wars. So will they raise it?

“The water levels of Shasta Lake currently sit at the highest they’ve been in four years. Photos circulating the internet show a lake brimming with water, and comment section warriors continue to point at how the government will waste the surplus of water instead of saving it for the inevitable droughts California will see in the future.  “Too bad Newsom will send all this water to the ocean,” said a commenter on a photo of the lake posted on our social media pages.  Of course, this comment is misguided since it’s actually the federal government, not state officials, who control the water flows of Shasta Dam. But it does bring local water frustrations to the forefront – how is California investing in legitimate water storage programs to help mitigate future drought? … ”  Read more from Active NorCal.

Big melt may be less dramatic – and damaging – than initially thought

“State flood responders are still planning for the worst, but newly released inundation models are predicting a less dramatic and damaging snow melt as California heads into the summer months.  On the Kern River, predictions are now showing releases from Isabella Dam can be maintained at 7,750 cubic feet per second, or less, throughout the rest of May and June, according to new figures released by the Department of Water Resources.  That’s down from a possible high of more than 9,200 cfs, which could have swamped homes in low lying areas east of Manor Street, as well as Highway 178 through the Kern River Canyon, according to Kern County first responders. Those areas and the highway are still being closely monitored.  For the old Tulare Lake bed, the new models could mean water elevations are likely to peak at 181 feet by May 31, according to Mehdi Mizani, deputy flood manager for DWR, who spoke during a briefing on Monday. … ”  Read more from SJV Water.

Whiplash again! – Learning from wet (and dry) years

Jay Lund, Deirdre Des Jardins, and Kathy Schaefer write, ““Old superlatives have been dusted off and new ones count to better describe the tragedy, damage, and trauma associated with the State’s latest ‘unusual’ weather experience.” DWR Bulletin 69-83, California High Water 1982-83, p.1 … In July 1984, the California Department of Water Resources issued Bulletin 69-83, California High Water 1982-83.  It insightfully reviewed what is still California’s wettest water year in more than a century.  Reading this report gives a sense of California’s broad and eternal flood vulnerabilities and management problems.  Despite important advances since that time, many similar ideas could be written today.  Here are a few long-term lessons from the 1983 and 2023 experiences … ”  Read the full post at the California Water Blog.

EPA authority to regulate wetlands clobbered by Supreme Court

“Limiting the government’s authority to regulate wetlands under the Clean Water Act, the Supreme Court ended a nearly two-decade-old dispute Thursday.  The ruling from the court was unanimous, with the justices affirming summary judgment in the suit by Chantell and Michael Sackett against the Environmental Protection Agency.  “For more than a half century, the agencies responsible for enforcing the Act have wrestled with the problem and adopted varying interpretations,” Justice Samuel Alito wrote for the court.  He continued: “When we addressed the question 17 years ago, we were unable to agree on an opinion of the Court. Today we return to the problem and attempt to identify with greater clarity what the Act means by ‘waters of the United States.’” … ”  Read more from the Courthouse News Service.

State Water Board Statement: U.S. Supreme Court decision decreases federal wetlands protection

“The U.S. Supreme Court issued a decision today that significantly reduces the scope of the Clean Water Act and diminishes the federal government’s ability to protect thousands of miles of rivers, streams, creeks and adjacent wetlands throughout the Western U.S.  Though the State Water Resources Control Board is extremely disappointed in the decision and the adverse impacts it will have nationally, it only narrows the scope of federal jurisdiction and does not weaken California’s more stringent wetlands protections. Under the Clean Water Act and the state’s Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, the State Water Board retains regulatory authority for protecting the water quality of nearly 1.6 million acres of lakes, 1.3 million acres of bays and estuaries, 211,000 miles of rivers and streams and 1,100 miles of coastline. … ”

Click here to read the full statement from the State Water Board.

California advances bill banning hedge fund water profiteering

“California lawmakers advanced a bill that would prohibit hedge funds and other institutional investors from buying and selling agricultural water resources for financial gain.  Under the measure, which passed the State Assembly by a 46 to 17 vote on Monday afternoon, speculation or profiteering by investment funds in the sale, transfer or lease of water rights on agricultural land would be considered a waste or unreasonable use of water.  In a legislative analysis, the bill’s sponsor, California Assembly member Rebecca Bauer-Kahan, a Democrat, cited a recent Bloomberg Green investigation that showed how institutional investors have purchased agricultural land and used diminishing groundwater supplies to grow almonds and pistachios at a significant profit, drawing down aquifer levels as nearby household wells dried up. … ”  Continue reading at Bloomberg (gift article).

How hot is California going to get this summer? Here’s what experts say

Map showing higher than normal temperatures in majority of the southern, eastern and western states.“Californians can expect hotter-than-average temperatures this summer.  The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) predicts that the weather for June, July and August will be warmer than normal.   The temperature map shows that in California, especially in northern parts of the state, there will be a 33% to 50% probability that temperatures will be above average.  The rest of the U.S. — with the exception of a few Midwestern states — can also anticipate a warmer summer. The map is color-coded and the darker the color, the higher the likelihood that it’ll be hotter than normal.  No portions of the country can expect below-normal summer temperatures.  Meteorologists can’t say for certain why this summer will be hotter, but they suggest several factors can contribute. … ”  Read more from the LA Times.

California unlikely to run short of electricity this summer thanks to storms, new power sources

“California regulators say the state is unlikely to experience electricity shortages this summer after securing new power sources and a wet winter that filled the state’s reservoirs enough to restart hydroelectric power plants that were dormant during the drought.  The nation’s most populous state normally has more than enough electricity to power the homes and businesses of more than 39 million people. But the electrical grid has trouble when it gets really hot and everyone turns on their air conditioners at the same time.  It got so hot in August 2020 that California’s power grid was overwhelmed, prompting the state’s three largest utility companies to shut off electricity for hundreds of thousands of homes for a few hours over two consecutive days.  The state’s electrical grid was strained in part because of a severe drought that left reservoirs at dangerously low levels, leaving little water available to pass through hydroelectric power plants. … ”  Read more from KEYT.

California snowlines on track to be 1,600 feet higher by century’s end

“This winter produced record snowfall in California, but a new study suggests the state should expect gradually declining snowpacks, even if punctuated with occasional epic snowfalls, in the future.  An analysis by Tamara Shulgina, Alexander Gershunov, and other climate scientists at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography suggest that in the face of unabated global warming, the snowlines marking where rainfall turns to snow have been rising significantly over the past 70 years. Projections by the researchers suggest the trend will continue with snowlines rising hundreds of meters higher by the second half of this century.  In the high Southern Sierra Nevada range, for instance, snowlines are projected to rise by more than 500 meters (1,600 feet) and even more when the mountains get precipitation from atmospheric rivers, jets of water vapor that are becoming an increasingly potent source of the state’s water supply. … ”  Read more from UC San Diego.

In commentary this week …

California legislature could make overdue changes to water rights if these three bills pass

Amanda Fencl with the Union of Concerned Scientists writes, “For the first time in several decades, policy makers in Sacramento seem poised to actually do something about California’s dysfunctional water rights systems. There are three promising policies winding their way through the Legislature this session. All three bills just made it out of the committee review process, and are slated to be voted on by June 2. These incremental changes are a long-overdue start toward addressing California’s outdated and unjust water rights system.  The package of water rights bills before the Legislature offers critical updates to the State Water Resources Control Board’s (“Water Board”) ability to make informed and timely water management decisions and build climate resilience for the future for everyone in the state. … ”  Continue reading at the Equation.

Senior water rights in California are endangered by bad legislation in Sacramento

The Modesto Bee editorial board writes, “A dangerous trio of bills winding through the Legislature would greatly expand the power of unelected water officials and bureaucrats by stripping authority from holders of senior water rights, most of whom have exercised these rights for more than a century. They include the Modesto, Turlock and Fresno irrigation districts, the city of Sacramento and the city and county of San Francisco. Usurping these agencies’ control over water, and shifting authority instead to the appointed State Water Resources Control Board, represents an unwise and unnecessary power shift.  Arguments favoring Assembly Bills 460 and 1337 and Senate Bill 389 generalize the existing water rights system as antiquated and broken. This is a narrative promulgated often by those who think they don’t have enough water and want to take it from those who do. … ”  Read more from the Fresno Bee. | Read via Yahoo News.

United water community key to answering bills on water rights

Dave Eggerton, Executive Director of ACWA, writes, “If enacted, water rights legislation pending in the Legislature could put water management in chaos and hobble future progress toward a more reliable and resilient water future.  Bills in the Assembly and Senate threaten to undermine the basic foundation of water management and water delivery in California by drastically changing the longstanding legal framework governing the right to use water in this state. Stopping these bills is a top priority for ACWA, which is leading a broad coalition that extends beyond the water community. Vital to all our work is the water community remaining united, because this may well become the most consequential legislative session of our careers.  It’s easy to see why. … ”  Continue reading at ACWA.

Bad legislation

Don Wright with Water Wrights writes, “We hear about laws being passed that make no sense. According to ETags it is illegal in California for a woman to drive wearing a house coat. Idiot Laws states it’s illegal to play drums on the beach in Santa Monica or to let horse manure pile up higher than six feet in San Francisco. It’s also illegal to wax your car with used underwear in the City by the Bay or walk your lion without a leash. And we all know for some reason or other it’s against the law in California to hunt animals from a moving vehicle unless you’re going after whales.  If the legislation coming out of Sacramento were graded on the criteria of harmful, unintended consequences it would receive an “F” average – provided you believe harmful is bad for the citizens and not just the cost of doing government. … There are three bills making their way through the legislative process in Sacramento that would upend California’s economy, domestic food supply and the relation between those who govern and those who are governed by handing water rights over to the State Water Resources Control Board. Who are the authors and where do they come from? … ”  Read the full commentary at Water Wrights.

Dangerous water rights policies put the interests of the few over the interests of the many

Pat Wirz writes, “Dangerous water rights policies are moving through the California Legislature that put the interests of the few over the interests of the many. Family farmers like me depend on our long-held water rights to feed Californians but three bills seek to upend more than a hundred years of California’s most fundamental economic foundation over the next few weeks at our expense.  The Cienega Valley, near Hollister, has been a wine-growing region since the 1850s. My family has deep roots in the area – we bought our first piece of ground in the 1940s and the land for Wirz Vineyards, which we still operate, in 1983. We sell our grapes to small wineries across the state. While our vines are typically dry farmed, meaning we rely on the soil’s residual moisture from rain rather than artificial irrigation, water management and supply reliability has been critical to how I operate my business particularly during dry years. … ”  Read more from Benito Link.

Dan Walters: California taxpayers on the hook to save two unhealthy western rivers

“The Klamath River begins in Oregon, draining the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains, and slices through the northwestern corner of California before flowing into the Pacific Ocean.  The Colorado River begins in Colorado, draining the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, before meandering southwesterly and emptying into Mexico’s Sea of Cortez – if there’s any water left after California and other states have tapped the river for irrigation and municipal supplies.  Although hundreds of miles apart, the two rivers share a common malady: So much of their waters were impounded or diverted that they became unhealthy.  The two rivers also share something else: Taxpayers, rather than those who manipulated the rivers for profit, are footing the bill for restoring their flows. … ”  Read more from Cal Matters.

Water policies focused on the future are needed today

Ted Sheely, farmer in the San Joaquin Valley, writes, “The public policy of California is to flush away our water, as if the snow in our mountains and the runoff in our rivers were nothing more than the expulsions of a giant toilet bowl.  Wasting so much water makes it hard for farmers like me to grow the crops that everyone needs.  There’s no good reason for this, especially right now. Following several years of drought, during which farmers received little or no water for crop irrigation, the snowpack recorded last month in the Sierra Nevada was the deepest in 70 years. It’s like the snow from two or three winters fell in a single season.  That’s great news for me and farmers across the California Central Valley. I expect to receive a full allotment of surface water this year, which will be invested to grow pistachios, tomatoes, onions, and wine grapes—crops that work well with irrigation systems. … ”  Read more from Ag Web.

We’ve seen the flooding in California. Will we move to higher ground?

Author Tim Palmer writes, “The slow-motion rebirth of Tulare Lake has inundated farm fields and threatened levees, homes and whole towns. On Monday, the state projected the lake would reach its peak in the next week or so, but the floodwaters will linger for perhaps two years.  The return of what used to be the largest lake west of the Mississippi has captured our attention as one of the most dramatic climatic events of 2023. Yet the flooded crops and tenuous levees at Tulare Lake represent only a fraction of the statewide and nationwide landscape now subject to greater floods of the global warming era. … The failure to effectively address this reality is an important part of the backstory of Tulare Lake’s reemergence. … ”  Read the full commentary at the LA Times.

State-level cybersecurity preparedness needed to protect critical CA infrastructure

State Senator Melissa Hurtado writes, “During testimony to the California State Senate, cyber-security expert Dr. Tony Coulson outlined the concerns that California must contend with in order to protect its critical infrastructure sectors.  “California needs the ability to coordinate effectively for cyber-attack responses. A cyber-attack is not just a possibility, but a probability, stated Dr. Coulson, outlining why the state needs to enhance it cyber-attack preparedness.  After input from security experts, I am carrying Senate bill SB 265, which directs the California Office of Emergency Services (Cal-OES) and the California Cybersecurity Integration Center (Cal-CSIC) to prepare a multi-year outreach plan to assist critical infrastructure sectors specifically in efforts to improve cybersecurity. … ”  Continue reading at GV Wire.

Yuba River – Plan for new fish facilities at Daguerre Point Dam

Tom Cannon writes, “On May 16, 2023, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, National Marine Fisheries Service, and Yuba Water Agency announced a plan to design and build a fish bypass at Daguerre Point Dam on the lower Yuba River.  At present, the dam has fish ladders on both ends of the dam that don’t work well. The plan’s conceptual design is for a bypass channel that would allow fish to circumvent the existing dam; the plan would retain the dam. The plan would reconfigure the diversion works at the dam’s south end and add effective fish screens to the agricultural diversion infrastructure at both ends of the dam. … The bypass concept is one of several designs that could reduce existing problems at Daguerre. In addition to passage improvement, the concept could accommodate fish collection and segregation, and may be a feasible location for a conservation hatchery.  Several key elements should be added to this bypass plan … ”  Read more at the California Fisheries blog.

Plastic pipe drinking water systems aren’t worth health risks

MK Dorsey, director and chair of the Rob and Melani Walton Sustainability Solutions Service at Arizona State University, and Dustin Mulvaney, a professor in the Environmental Studies Department at San Jose State University, write, “How many more environmental incidents need to occur before we get serious about curbing our addiction to plastic?  Officials made the decision to burn off vinyl chloride, a volatile chemical that they feared could explode inside the derailed cars of a Norfolk Southern train crash in eastern Ohio. There were no “good” options, and officials went with the least-bad one they had, but they remain responsible for their choices.  Just as we remain responsible for our choice to remain addicted to plastics in our critical infrastructures. … ”  Read more from the East Bay Times.

In regional water news this week …

Bureau of Reclamation increases Klamath Project water allocations

“Increased water supplies will be provided by the Bureau of Reclamation for Klamath Project contractors, but Klamath Basin water users say they remain disappointed and that the increases are lower than needed.  In making the announcement, BOR regional director Ernest Conant said that based on improved spring hydrology and updated forecasts, water supply allocations from Upper Klamath Lake increased from 215,000 acre-feet to 260,000 acre-feet. Allocations from the Gerber and Clear Lake reservoirs remains at 35,000 acre-feet from each reservoir. The updated 2023 allocations are based on analysis of existing hydrologic conditions and inflow forecasts from the California Nevada River Forecast Center and the Natural Resources Conservation Service. … ”  Read more from the Herald & News.

Tribes on the Klamath River struggle to save their salmon and way of life in the face of a changing climate

“Stretching from the volcanic Cascades of Southern Oregon to the Pacific Ocean in California, the Klamath River is intrinsically linked to the health of its surrounding communities, businesses, and environment. These communities include Native Americans, farmers, ranchers, loggers, miners, recreationists, and fishermen.  For thousands of years, the bounty of nature on the Klamath River served as the foundation for the health and culture of native tribes living here. The Klamath was once the third largest salmon-producing river on the West coast, teeming with what seemed to be a never-ending abundance of fish.  Long before contact, salmon runs were the common thread uniting Tribal communities throughout the Klamath River Basin. … Now with the dramatic effects of a changing climate making a devastating advance on our natural world, the once abundant salmon are reaching a tipping point as water quality and fish health rapidly declines. … ”  Read the full story at the US Fish & Wildlife Service.

Mule Creek State Prison agrees to clean up polluted discharges

“On Thursday, May 18, 2023, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation entered into a consent decree to settle a Clean Water Act lawsuit brought by the County of Amador. In a huge victory for the County of Amador and for the region’s clean water, the Department agreed to undertake $11 million in infrastructure improvements at Mule Creek State Prison. The improvements will provide much needed repairs to the prison’s wastewater collection system and two new bioswales to treat stormwater before it reaches Mule Creek.  The county initiated a Clean Water Act citizen suit against the Department in January of 2021. The Clean Water Act prohibits the discharge of pollutants to surface waters, except as authorized by a permit. The county’s lawsuit alleged that the prison discharges bacteria, pathogens, heavy metals, and other pollutants to Mule Creek in violation of the Clean Water Act permit covering the prison. … ”  Read more from the Amador Ledger-Dispatch.

Pleasanton: Contaminated wells OK’d for summer use

“The city council, during its regular May 16 meeting, authorized the reinstatement of the Pleasanton’s contaminated city wells during peak-demand periods.  Although Zone 7, the region’s water wholesaler, currently supplies all of Pleasanton’s water, concerns about whether the connections between Zone 7 and Pleasanton can handle high summer demands have sent the city in search of ways to cover the supply shortfall created last November, when moving state health targets for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) — also known as forever chemicals — caused the city to shut down its groundwater wells. PFAS can cause health problems in people, such as immune-system suppression and some cancers, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). … ”  Read more from the Independent.

Fight to get rid of California’s famous Hetch Hetchy Reservoir alive and well as it turns 100

“As California’s famous Hetch Hetchy Reservoir celebrates its 100th birthday, the fight to get rid of it is alive and well.  Spreck Rosekrans is with Restore Hetch Hetchy, a group dedicated to draining the reservoir and restoring it to its original state.  “This is the one time in history we’ve done something like this,” Rosekrans said.  If they had their way, the reservoir would be completely drained of its water.  “This is the one time we’ve taken away not just any national park, but Yosemite National Park, and we think it was a quirk of history,” Rosekrans said of the emergence of the reservoir. “It happened in 1913 and there’s a real opportunity to restore the valley.” … ”  Read more from CBS Sacramento.

Monterey Peninsula water district loses second court battle

“Legal challenges to a Monterey Peninsula water district’s ratepayer fee that dates back a least a decade reached fruition Friday when a judge ruled against the district for a second time.  Monterey County Superior Court Judge Carrie Panetta ruled Friday on a motion by the Monterey Peninsula Water Management District for a new trial after Panetta earlier ruled against the district in a lawsuit brought by the Monterey Peninsula Taxpayers Association over a fee the district has been charging taxpayers.   If the district is stopped from collecting the fee, called a water supply fee, it could have a huge impact on district revenues at a time when the Monterey Peninsula Water Management District is partnering with Monterey One Water to invest in the Pure Water Monterey expansion project, which the district says could supply enough water to the Monterey Peninsula for the next few decades. … ”  Read more from the Monterey Herald.

The 2023 Mono Lake level forecast

“Each spring the Mono Lake Committee’s team of Mono Basin modelers and hydrology experts uses the lake level on April 1 together with the Mono Basin snowpack numbers and similar-year hydrological statistical data to produce the Mono Lake Committee lake level forecast for the runoff year ahead. You can download the full May 15, 2023 Mono Lake level forecast here.  At the end of last year Mono Lake had fallen to 6378.4 feet above sea level due to very dry weather and dry runoff conditions. Winter precipitation was abundant and then raised the lake to 6379.99 feet on April 1, 2023.  April 1 is the start of the current runoff year; record-high snowpack and expected record runoff classify this as an “Extreme-wet” year type. The graph below shows the range of likely Mono Lake elevations for April 1, 2023 to March 31, 2024. The range of projections is produced by the Mono Lake Committee’s modeling of hydrologic sequences using 1983, one of the wettest years in the historical record, plus an additional increment for the expected runoff volume exceeding 1983. … ”  Read more from the Mono Lake Committee.

DWR uses Kern River intertie to redirect flood water from Tulare Lake

The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) is using a unique piece of State Water Project (SWP) infrastructure for the first time since 2006 to reduce the amount of flood waters going into Tulare Lake in the Central Valley. At the request of the Kern River Watermaster, the Kern River Intertie is now redirecting flood flows at a rate of 500 cubic feet per second (cfs) from the Kern River to the California Aqueduct to lower flood risk in Tulare Lake and for downstream communities in Tulare County. The Intertie is located west of Bakersfield near where Highway 119 crosses the Aqueduct. While there is no immediate flooding or public safety concerns, timely use of the Intertie is critical to help prevent additional floodwater from exacerbating flooding in Tulare Lake as river flows increase. … ”  Read more from DWR News.

Loons striker Luis Amarilla appears on his way out of Minnesota – Twin Cities

Minnesota United is exploring options to move on from slumping striker Luis Amarilla.

The news site Bolavip said Wednesday, via a Spanish translation, that Liga de Quito is in negotiations with the Loons for Amarilla to come back to the club in Ecuador’s capital city. The Pioneer Press understands other clubs, including in Mexico, also might become landing spots the 27-year-old Paraguayan.

Amarilla’s potential exit coincides with the Loons being in the market for a new striker once the summer transfer window opens July 5. The club seeks a forward with a proven goal-scoring record, and that acquisition would come with a bigger price tag.

Amarilla occupies one of the Loons’ three Designated Player spots, and one of those three DP slots would need to be open to bring in the type of player MNUFC is targeting this summer.

Amarilla signed a two-year contract going into the 2022 season, with club options for the 2024 and ’25 seasons, meaning his deal is set to expire after this season. Amarilla receives $810,000 in guaranteed compensation in 2023, according to the MLS Players’ Association.

On top of that DP spot, offloading Amarilla would free up some salary, but not an international spot; he received his U.S. green card in late February.

Amarilla’s exit might come before the MLS summer transfer window opens up, with other countries’ windows open sooner. And clubs such as Liga de Quito are playing in Copa Sudamericana, which is South America’s big regional tournament.

Amarilla participated in Thursday’s training session in Blaine, with the Loons returning to MLS play against Real Salt Lake at 7:30 p.m. Saturday at Allianz Field.

Amarilla has not scored an open-play goal in 652 minutes for the Loons this season. The Paraguyan’s two goals both came on penalty kicks and he appears to be having a crisis of confidence in front of goal; he is underperforming his expected goals (3.1, per fbref.com).

Amarilla played for Liga de Quito in 2021 after his loan with MNUFC ran out in 2020. Amarilla was then sold from parent club Velez Sarsfield to the Loons in 2022. He scored nine goals and had four assists for MNUFC in 2,349 MLS minutes last season.

The Loons paid a transfer fee of roughly $1.4 million to Velez for Amarilla last year. Amarilla scored 16 goals in 1,830 minutes for Ecuadorian club Universidad Catolica in 2019 before coming to MNUFC. In his first stint in Minnesota in 2020, he had two goals in 432 minutes for the Loons while battling injuries.

Reynoso returns

Loons star Emanuel Reynoso participated in the early portion of Thursday’s training session. The Argentine midfielder is slowly integrating himself into the first team after being suspended for the opening 12 games of the season.

Manager Adrian Heath said Reynoso had some tightness after his toughest workouts in the previous three days. Reynoso has yet to do the strenuous “beep” fitness test.

Heath expects Reynoso to return to full-team training next week, but the Loons manager would not commit to whether the two-time MLS All-Star will play in a game before the international window in mid-June.

“I’m not going to put a time limit on it because then you guys (reporters) are going to hold me to that,” Heath said. “Then say, ‘Why is he not playing because you said he was going to be playing?’ ”

All fun and games

After Thursday’s practice, Loons leading scorer Bongi Hlongwane acted as a goalkeeper, even putting on the gloves as teammates fired shots at him. At one point, Hlongwane appeared to take a shot to the groin, but was able to soon shake it off.

“They tried to kill me,” Hlongwane joked.

Heath did not think Hlongwane will provide an option in net in case of an emergency. “Looking at him,” Heath said, “there are a lot of goals going in, so we won’t be using him as a goalkeeper any time soon.”

Center back Micky Tapias (knee) is available to play Saturday after being held out of the Loons’ 4-0 loss to the Houston Dynamo in the U.S. Open Cup on Tuesday. … Dynamo forward Corey Baird appeared to mimic Hlongwane’s goal-scoring dance after one of his three goals in Texas. Hlongwane saw video and said come their next match against Houston on July 12, a celebration “might be the (other) way around.” … MNUFC2 beat L.A. Galaxy II 3-2 on Wednesday, with young Swedish/Brazilian defender Mikael Marques coming back from an ankle injury to play 45 minutes. Diogo Pacheco had two assists, and Juan Mosquera scored the winning goal.

Debut Trailer for God Is A Bullet

Patriot Pictures and XYZ Films have brought on Wayward Entertainment to release GOD IS A BULLET, screenplay written and directed by critically-acclaimed director Nick Cassavetes, for a wide release exclusively in US theaters on June 23, 2023. The action thriller stars Maika Monroe, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Karl Glusman, January Jones, Paul Johansson, David Thornton and Jamie Foxx. The film will expand to a digital release in the US on July 11, 2023.

Inspired by true events and based on the best-selling novel “God Is A Bullet” written by Boston Teran, the film is produced by Michael Mendelsohn from Patriot Pictures and Donald V. Allen. Kim H. Winther and Jim Steele are co-producing. Executive producing is Natalie Perrotta, Paul Johansson, Sidney Kimmel, Jamie Foxx, Chuck Pacheco, Jim Steele, Santiago García Galván. Mendelsohn’s Union Patriot Capital Management fully financed the film.

The film follows detective Bob Hightower (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau), who finds his ex-wife murdered and his daughter kidnapped by an insidious cult. Bob takes matters into his own hands and infiltrates the secretive cult to try to save his daughter. With the help of the cult’s only female victim escapee, Case Hardin (Maika Monroe), Bob and Case go down the rabbit hole with The Ferryman (Jamie Foxx) to save his daughter and find closure for Case from the cult – and its maniacal leader (Glusman) – that took so much away from her.

Patriot Pictures Michael Mendelson states “We are looking forward to working with Wayward and are so excited that GOD IS A BULLET will be hitting theaters nationwide this summer. Audiences are back and want to see films that keep them on the edge. Nick and I, with an amazing, multi-national cast and crew, are excited to release a badass, action-packed revenge classic, made to be enjoyed on the big screen.”

Nick Cassavetes added “I’ve been trying to tell this great story for the last 18+ years. It’s tough, violent, has two flawed and fantastic characters, and absolutely pulls no punches. I love it! There’s nothing else out there like it, not even close!”

XYZ Films is handling global sales for the Patriot Pictures production. XYZ and Patriot previously collaborated on SYNCHONIC (TIFF 2019) starring Jamie Dornan and Anthony Mackie, CUT THROAT CITY (SXSW 2020) starring Ethan Hawke and Wesley Snipes and the Sundance world premiere (2021) entry PRISONERS OF THE GHOSTLAND starring Nicolas Cage.

About XYZ Films:
XYZ Films is an independent studio whose mission is to empower visionary storytellers from every corner of the planet. As a producer, financier and distributor, the company is uniquely suited to identify talented filmmakers and bring their stories to life. XYZ recently expanded into talent management, working with a global roster of
filmmakers. XYZ was founded in 2008 by Nate Bolotin, Nick Spicer, and Aram Tertzakian. The company’s classic titles include THE RAID franchise, 2017 Sundance winner I DON’T FEEL AT HOME IN THIS WORLD ANYMORE, and Panos Cosmatos’ psychedelic revenge thriller MANDY.

XYZ’s current slate include Berlin competition title BLACKBERRY from director Matt Johnson which stars Glenn Howerton and Jay Baruchel, ASH starring Eiza González and Aaron Paul and to be directed by Flying Lotus, SEVEN VEILS starring Amanda Seyfried and directed by Atom Egoyan, Sundance selection RUN RABBIT RUN directed by Dana Reid and starring Sarah Snook, and DANIELA FOREVER to be directed by Nacho Vigalondo and starring Henry Golding. XYZ is in post-production on the Netflix Original HAVOC, directed by Gareth Evans and starring Tom Hardy and Forest Whitaker.

About Patriot Pictures and Union Patriot Capital Management
Patriot Pictures LLC. Is an award-winning independent production studio that packages film production and cast, financing, and distribution elements to inspire social awareness spotlighting good vs evil in society. Recent titles include BLACKOUT (reaching #2 globally for Netflix), RZA directed CUT THROAT CITY, PRISONERS OF THE GHOSTLAND staring Nicolas Cage and upcoming pictures GET LOST starring Ella Bleu Travolta and the documentary GHOST SHIPS. With 35+ years of financing films Mendelsohn has a lot of pictures under his belt including, LORD OF WAR starring Nicolas Cage, THE MATRIX, AIR FORCE ONE, WHAT WOMEN WANT, RESERVIOR DOGS by Quentin Tarantino, HANGMAN staring Al Pacino, SLEEPY HOLLOW, ROMEO AND JULIET and many more. Mendelsohn and team currently manage an investment fund totaling up to $500 million specializing in project production finance and film IP acquisition. Mendelsohn has been the prior Head of Media and Entertainment Finance and Advisor for BNP Paribas, Union Bank of California and Union Patriot Capital and has arranged production financing for/or produced over $2.1 billion in production financing and $5.8 billion in box office revenue for over 428 independent and major studio films.

About Wayward Entertainment:
Wayward Entertainment (www.waywardentertainment.com) is a multi-platform genre and alternative studio focused on collaborating with unique voices from around the world to create, acquire and release original genre properties across all media platforms. Wayward Entertainment is run by founders Vince Totino and John Hegeman.

« Previous PageNext Page »